How to format your references using the BMC Clinical Pathology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Clinical Pathology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Leek PJ. Applied physics. Storing quantum information in Schrödinger’s cats. Science. 2013;342:568–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Hotchkiss RS, Sherwood ER. Immunology. Getting sepsis therapy right. Science. 2015;347:1201–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Chen L, Dürr KL, Gouaux E. X-ray structures of AMPA receptor-cone snail toxin complexes illuminate activation mechanism. Science. 2014;345:1021–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Yamamoto K, Sakata Y, Nohara Y, Takahashi Y, Tatsumi T. Organic-inorganic hybrid zeolites containing organic frameworks. Science. 2003;300:470–2.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Petrucelli JR. Detecting Fraud in Organizations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Fliss DM. Atlas of Surgical Approaches to Paranasal Sinuses and the Skull Base. 1st ed. 2016. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Vasudevan N, Tardieu O, Dolby J, Edwards SA. Compile-Time Analysis and Specialization of Clocks in Concurrent Programs. In: Moor O de, Schwartzbach MI, editors. Compiler Construction: 18th International Conference, CC 2009, Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2009, York, UK, March 22-29, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 48–62.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Clinical Pathology.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Dogs Incredibly Accurate When Sniffing Out Cancer. IFLScience. 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/dogs-incredibly-accurate-when-sniffing-out-cancer/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. FCC: Policies and Rules Concerning Children’s Television Programming--Revision of Programming Policies for Television Broadcast Stations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Ghale K. Modeling the Traffic Impacts During Evacuation of a Suburban University Campus: A Case Study. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Barron J. A Global Bible Contest Serves as a Testament to Their Relationship. New York Times. 2017;:A24.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Clinical Pathology
Abbreviation	BMC Clin. Pathol.
ISSN (online)	1472-6890
Scope	Histology Pathology and Forensic Medicine