How to format your references using the Biofouling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Biofouling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Conrad CP. 2015. Oceans. How climate influences sea-floor topography. Science. 347(6227):1204–1205.

A journal article with 2 authors

Smith MTJ, Rubinstein JL. 2014. Structural biology. Beyond blob-ology. Science. 345(6197):617–619.

A journal article with 3 authors

Chait R, Craney A, Kishony R. 2007. Antibiotic interactions that select against resistance. Nature. 446(7136):668–671.

A journal article with 12 or more authors

Sheppard SK, McCarthy ND, Falush D, Maiden MCJ. 2008. Convergence of Campylobacter species: implications for bacterial evolution. Science. 320(5873):237–239.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Nemethy L. 2011. Business Exit Planning. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Mouratidis H, Rolland C, editors. 2011. Advanced Information Systems Engineering: 23rd International Conference, CAiSE 2011, London, UK, June 20-24, 2011. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Antonucci A, Piatti A. 2009. Modeling Unreliable Observations in Bayesian Networks by Credal Networks. In: Godo L, Pugliese A, editors. Scalable Uncertainty Management: Third International Conference, SUM 2009, Washington, DC, USA, September 28-30, 2009 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; p. 28–39.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Biofouling.

Blog post

Andrews R. 2016. Chunks Of The Earth’s Upper Mantle Are Falling Off And Causing Earthquakes. IFLScience [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Oct 30]. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/mysterious-2011-southeastern-us-earthquake-now-has-prime-suspect/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1981. Small Businesses and Innovation, Small Business Research Conference. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Popoveniuc S. 2009. A framework for secure mixnet-based electronic voting [Doctoral dissertation]. Washington, DC: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Baker AL, David Goodman J. 2015. Brooklyn Man Is Sought in Two Deaths at Hotels. New York Times.:A23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Conrad 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Smith and Rubinstein 2014; Conrad 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Smith and Rubinstein 2014)
Three or more authors: (Sheppard et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Biofouling
Abbreviation	Biofouling
ISSN (print)	0892-7014
ISSN (online)	1029-2454
Scope	Aquatic Science Water Science and Technology Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology