How to format your references using the Artificial Life and Robotics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Artificial Life and Robotics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Buckingham S (2004) Buying into the knowledge game. Nature 428:775

A journal article with 2 authors

de Waal FB, Berger ML (2000) Payment for labour in monkeys. Nature 404:563

A journal article with 3 authors

Ahrestani FS, Hebblewhite M, Post E (2013) The importance of observation versus process error in analyses of global ungulate populations. Sci Rep 3:3125

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Götz J, Chen F, van Dorpe J, Nitsch RM (2001) Formation of neurofibrillary tangles in P301l tau transgenic mice induced by Abeta 42 fibrils. Science 293:1491–1495

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Burger M, Graeber B, Schindlmayr G (2014) Managing Energy Risk. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Guerraggio A (2013) Vito Volterra. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Matteucci G, Cammarano M, Dezi S, et al (2013) Climate Change Impacts on Forests and Forest Products in the Mediterranean Area. In: Navarra A, Tubiana L (eds) Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean: Volume 2: Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services and People. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 71–100

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Artificial Life and Robotics.

Blog post

Fang J (2015) Missing Link In Evolution Of Complex Cells Found Deep In The Arctic Ocean. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/missing-link-evolution-complex-cells-found-deep-arctic-ocean/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2003) Space Station: Impact of the Grounding of the Shuttle Fleet. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vlajic NA (2014) Dynamics of slender, flexible structures. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Higgins A (2016) In Measured Speech, Putin Calls for ‘Mutually Beneficial’ Ties With U.S. New York Times A4

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Artificial Life and Robotics
Abbreviation	Artif. Life Robot.
ISSN (print)	1433-5298
ISSN (online)	1614-7456
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Artificial Intelligence