How to format your references using the Archives of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Heinrich AJ. Applied physics. Looking below the surface. Science. 2009;323(5918):1178-1179.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jutzi M, Asphaug E. COMETARY NUCLEI. The shape and structure of cometary nuclei as a result of low-velocity accretion. Science. 2015;348(6241):1355-1358.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gunanathan C, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Direct synthesis of amides from alcohols and amines with liberation of H2. Science. 2007;317(5839):790-792.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Costard F, Forget F, Mangold N, Peulvast JP. Formation of recent martian debris flows by melting of near-surface ground ice at high obliquity. Science. 2002;295(5552):110-113.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Spector P. Understanding Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2016.

An edited book

Wang T, Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang F, eds. Advanced Manufacturing Technology in China: A Roadmap to 2050. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Keyes CLM, Fredrickson BL, Park N. Positive Psychology and the Quality of Life. In: Land KC, Michalos AC, Sirgy MJ, eds. Handbook of Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research. Springer Netherlands; 2012:99-112.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Surgery.

Blog post

Luntz S. First Primate’s Lifestyle All In The Ankles. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Common Interests of Government and Schools of Business and Administration in Improving Management in Government. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1973.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Loretz N. Human Trafficking: Identification, Education, and Awareness: A Grant Proposal. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. William Schreyer, 83, Merrill Chief, Dies. New York Times. January 25, 2011:A23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Surgery
Abbreviation	Arch. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0004-0010
ISSN (online)	1538-3644
Scope	Surgery