How to format your references using the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Freeman KC. Astronomy. The hunt for dark matter in galaxies. Science. 2003;302:1902–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Starr MB, Wang X. Fundamental analysis of piezocatalysis process on the surfaces of strained piezoelectric materials. Sci. Rep. 2013;3:2160.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yoshikuni Y, Ferrin TE, Keasling JD. Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function. Nature. 2006;440:1078–82.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chan P, Lucio-Martinez I, Mo X, Simon C, Tittel W. Performing private database queries in a real-world environment using a quantum protocol. Sci. Rep. 2014;4:5233.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tjong SC. Polymer Composites with Carbonaceous Nanofillers. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2012.

An edited book

Gikhman II. The Theory of Stochastic Processes III. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Lee N, Moghaddam FM, Harré R. Internationalizing the Social Psychology Curriculum in the USA. In: Leong FTL, Pickren WE, Leach MM, Marsella AJ, editors. Internationalizing the Psychology Curriculum in the United States. New York, NY: Springer; 2012. p. 75–93.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

Blog post

Andrew E. Russian Official Calls for an Investigation into Apollo Moon Landings [Internet]. IFLScience. 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/russian-official-calls-investigation-apollo-moon-landings/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Student Achievement: Schools Use Multiple Strategies to Help Students Meet Academic Standards, Especially Schools with Higher Proportions of Low-Income and Minority Students. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Anderson SL. Ninth grade transition: Best practices for a successful transition to high school. 2008;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. Pension Ruling in Detroit Echoes West to California. New York Times. 2013;A20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Abbreviation	Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.
ISSN (print)	0003-9993
ISSN (online)	1532-821X
Scope	Rehabilitation Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation