How to format your references using the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nienow P. Geoscience: The plumbing of Greenland’s ice. Nature. 2014;514:38–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Grubb MS, Burrone J. Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability. Nature. 2010;465:1070–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Saturno WA, Stuart D, Beltrán B. Early Maya writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala. Science. 2006;311:1281–3.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Demers G, Griffin G, De Vroey G, Haywood JR, Zurlo J, Bédard M. Animal research. Harmonization of animal care and use guidance. Science. 2006;312:700–1.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Heckman R. Designing Platform Independent Mobile Apps and Services. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Lorke A, Winterer M, Schmechel R, Schulz C, editors. Nanoparticles from the Gasphase: Formation, Structure, Properties. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Soria F, Kazama S, Sawamoto M. Sensitivity Analysis of Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Models. In: Tang H, editor. Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of 16th IAHR-APD Congress and 3rd Symposium of IAHR-ISHS. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 24–8.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

Blog post

Taub B. A New AI Called Nightmare Machine Has Just Opened Up A Portal To Hell [Internet]. IFLScience. 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/new-ai-called-nightmare-machine-opened-portal-hell/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aerial Refueling Initiative: Cross-Service Analysis Needed To Determine Best Approach. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Duley LA. A Qualitative Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Women Remaining in Abusive Relationships. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodgman J. Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times. 2017;MM26.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Abbreviation	Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.
ISSN (print)	0003-9993
ISSN (online)	1532-821X
Scope	Rehabilitation Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation