How to format your references using the Archives of Osteoporosis citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Osteoporosis. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sharp T (2006) Neuroscience. A new molecule to brighten the mood. Science 311:45–46

A journal article with 2 authors

Gallotti R, Barthelemy M (2014) Anatomy and efficiency of urban multimodal mobility. Sci Rep 4:6911

A journal article with 3 authors

Nishida H, Pigg KB, Rigby JF (2003) Palaeobotany: Swimming sperm in an extinct Gondwanan plant. Nature 422:396–397

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Pal-Bhadra M, Leibovitch BA, Gandhi SG, et al (2004) Heterochromatic silencing and HP1 localization in Drosophila are dependent on the RNAi machinery. Science 303:669–672

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

de Almeida JPM, Maunder EAW (2017) Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Cho Z-H (2015) 7.0 Tesla MRI Brain White Matter Atlas, 2nd ed. 2015. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Al-Bataineh O, Reynolds M, French T (2014) Finding Best and Worst Case Execution Times of Systems Using Difference-Bound Matrices. In: Legay A, Bozga M (eds) Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 12th International Conference, FORMATS 2014, Florence, Italy, September 8-10, 2014. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 38–52

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Osteoporosis.

Blog post

Davis J (2015) Hunters Accidentally Shoot Four Critically Endangered Birds in New Zealand. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/hunters-accidentally-shoot-four-critically-endangered-birds-new-zealand/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2014) Healthcare.gov: Ineffective Planning and Oversight Practices Underscore the Need for Improved Contract Management. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kuqi K (2013) A matrix-Based Method for Optimizing the User Interface Design of Electronic Medical Record Systems. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J (2017) Poets to Discover. New York Times BR4

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Osteoporosis
Abbreviation	Arch. Osteoporos.
ISSN (print)	1862-3522
ISSN (online)	1862-3514
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine