How to format your references using the Applied Physics A citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Physics A. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. D. N. Baker, Science 289, 550b (2000).

A journal article with 2 authors

1. G. F. Striedter and S. Srinivasan, Science 349, 31 (2015).

A journal article with 3 authors

1. K. Z. Coyte, J. Schluter, and K. R. Foster, Science 350, 663 (2015).

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. M. Bockrath, W. Liang, D. Bozovic, J. H. Hafner, C. M. Lieber, M. Tinkham, and H. Park, Science 291, 283 (2001).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. M. Bojowald, The Universe: A View from Classical and Quantum Gravity (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2012).

An edited book

1. Q. He, Absolute Clauses in English from the Systemic Functional Perspective: A Corpus-Based Study (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015).

A chapter in an edited book

1. H. Chniter, M. Khalgui, and F. Jarray, in Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics: 11th International Conference, ICINCO 2014 Vienna, Austria, September 2-4, 2014 Revised Selected Papers, edited by J. Filipe, O. Gusikhin, K. Madani, and J. Sasiadek (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016), pp. 59–77.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Physics A.

Blog post

1. D. Andrew, IFLScience (2017).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office, Aviation Security: Progress Made but Actions Needed to Address Challenges in Meeting the Air Cargo Screening Mandate (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2010).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. A. G. Gilmore, Quantification of Oxidative Reaction Efficiencies for Hydroxyl Radical Oxidized Antibiotics, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. M. Goldstein and B. Protess, New York Times B2 (2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Physics A
Abbreviation	Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process.
ISSN (print)	0947-8396
ISSN (online)	1432-0630
Scope	General Chemistry General Materials Science