How to format your references using the Applied Energy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Energy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Check E. Retraction signals end of cell-biology debate. Nature 2004;427:574.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Keightley PD, Otto SP. Interference among deleterious mutations favours sex and recombination in finite populations. Nature 2006;443:89–92.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Trail D, Watson EB, Tailby ND. The oxidation state of Hadean magmas and implications for early Earth’s atmosphere. Nature 2011;480:79–82.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Andersen JB, Rourke BC, Caiozzo VJ, Bennett AF, Hicks JW. Physiology: postprandial cardiac hypertrophy in pythons. Nature 2005;434:37–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Maji P, Pal SK. Rough-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Pasterkamp RJ, Smidt MP, Burbach JPH, editors. Development and Engineering of Dopamine Neurons. vol. 651. New York, NY: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kaltenbacher B. Convergence Rates for the Iteratively Regularized Landweber Iteration in Banach Space. In: Hömberg D, Tröltzsch F, editors. System Modeling and Optimization: 25th IFIP TC 7 Conference, CSMO 2011, Berlin, Germany, September 12-16, 2011, Revised Selected Papers, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013, p. 38–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Energy.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Shrinking Of Antarctic Ice Shelves Is Accelerating. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/shrinking-antarctic-ice-shelves-accelerating/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Business Systems Modernization: IRS Has Made Significant Progress in Improving Its Management Controls, but Risks Remain. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Jensen ME. A comparison of school psychologists’ and school counselors’ ability to identify cognitive abilities underlying basic academic tasks. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Cooper M. ‘The Third Tenor’ Exits. New York Times 2017:C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Energy
Abbreviation	Appl. Energy
ISSN (print)	0306-2619
Scope	General Energy Civil and Structural Engineering Mechanical Engineering Building and Construction Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law