How to format your references using the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kleypas J. Oceans. Invisible barriers to dispersal. Science. 2015;348:1086–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Tao FF, Salmeron M. In situ studies of chemistry and structure of materials in reactive environments. Science. 2011;331:171–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Aarts DGAL, Schmidt M, Lekkerkerker HNW. Direct visual observation of thermal capillary waves. Science. 2004;304:847–50.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Beckmann B, Flögel S, Hofmann P, et al. Orbital forcing of Cretaceous river discharge in tropical Africa and ocean response. Nature. 2005;437:241–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Yener M, Dundar O. Expert Android ® Studio. Indianapolis, Indiana: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2016.

An edited book

Alpini DC, Brugnoni G, Cesarani A, editors. Whiplash Injuries: Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. 2014. Milano: Springer 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Verbelen C, Andre G, Haulot X, et al. Towards a Nanoscale View of Microbial Surfaces Using the Atomic Force Microscope. In: Tomitori M, Bhushan B, Fuchs H, eds. Applied Scanning Probe Methods IX: Characterization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2008:111–26.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.

Blog post

Andrew E. Humanity Is In The Existential Danger Zone, Study Confirms. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/humanity-existential-danger-zone-study-confirms/ (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Women and Minority Aerospace Industry Profile, 1979-1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mitchell SF. Life-review therapy: A prevention program for the elderly who are experiencing life transitions. A grant proposal. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Marx L. A Nascar Driver Finds His ‘Shooting Star’. New York Times. 2017;ST9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
Abbreviation	Ann. Rheum. Dis.
ISSN (print)	0003-4967
ISSN (online)	1468-2060
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Immunology Immunology and Allergy Rheumatology