How to format your references using the Annals of Internal Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Internal Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kemp M. Science in culture: Leonardo lifts off. Nature. 2003 Feb 20;421(6925):792.

A journal article with 2 authors

Buckley SA, Evershed RP. Organic chemistry of embalming agents in Pharaonic and Graeco-Roman mummies. Nature. 2001 Oct 25;413(6858):837–41.

A journal article with 3 authors

Duderstadt KE, Chuang K, Berger JM. DNA stretching by bacterial initiators promotes replication origin opening. Nature. 2011 Oct 2;478(7368):209–13.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ravelo AC, Andreasen DH, Lyle M, Olivarez Lyle A, Wara MW. Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch. Nature. 2004 May 20;429(6989):263–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Schiek B, Rolfes I, Siweris HJ. Noise in High-Frequency Circuits and Oscillators. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Liu H. Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure: Agent-based Modelling of the Dynamics in Nanjing. Silva EA, Wang Q, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. XIX, 238 p. 101 illus., 72 illus. in color. (Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research).

A chapter in an edited book

Kikuchi R, Phong LT, Ogata W. A Framework for Constructing Convertible Undeniable Signatures. In: Heng SH, Kurosawa K, editors. Provable Security: 4th International Conference, ProvSec 2010, Malacca, Malaysia, October 13-15, 2010 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 70–86. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Internal Medicine.

Blog post

Evans K. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017. Welsh Farmer Accidentally Creates World’s Hottest Chili.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Air Travel and Communicable Diseases: Comprehensive Federal Plan Needed for U.S. Aviation System’s Preparedness. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015 Dec. Report No.: GAO-16-127.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Puebla RA. The avant-garde tuba: Analysis and comparisons of interpretations of William Kraft’s Encounters II for unaccompanied tuba [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eggers D. Chimanada Ngozi Adichie. New York Times. 2017 Oct 16;M2156.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Internal Medicine
Abbreviation	Ann. Intern. Med.
ISSN (print)	0003-4819
ISSN (online)	1539-3704
Scope	General Medicine Internal Medicine