How to format your references using the Anesthesia and Analgesia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Anesthesia and Analgesia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Alberts B. The breakthroughs of 2012. Science 2012;338:1511.

A journal article with 2 authors

Trembleau L, Rebek J Jr. Helical conformation of alkanes in a hydrophobic cavitand. Science 2003;301:1219–20.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ye Q, Krug RM, Tao YJ. The mechanism by which influenza A virus nucleoprotein forms oligomers and binds RNA. Nature 2006;444:1078–82.

A journal article with 31 or more authors

Zhang X, Qin J, Xue Y, Yu P, Zhang B, Wang L, Liu R. Effect of aspect ratio and surface defects on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods. Sci Rep 2014;4:4596.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Edelstein LN, Waehler CA. What Do I Say? Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

An edited book

Amaral A, Neave G, Musselin C, Maassen P, eds. European Integration and the Governance of Higher Education and Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Matsumura N. Communication Gap Management Towards a Fertile Community. In: Tsubaki H, Yamada S, Nishina K, eds. The Grammar of Technology Development. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2008:61–70.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Anesthesia and Analgesia.

Blog post

Andrew E. “Dancing” Frog Legs. IFLScience 2014. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/dancing-frog-legs/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federal Research and Development: Contributions to and Results of the Small Business Technology Transfer Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bryant MG. The Development of the Massive Open Online Course Virtual Learning Environment Scale (MVLE) and Model to Measure Satisfaction of MOOC Online Learning Courses in Higher Education: A Mixed Methods Study. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kurutz S. The Unsettling Thing About Ellen. New York Times. April 23, 2014:D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Anesthesia and Analgesia
Abbreviation	Anesth. Analg.
ISSN (print)	0003-2999
ISSN (online)	1526-7598
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine