How to format your references using the Anesthesia and Analgesia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Anesthesia and Analgesia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Heimann M. Obituary: Charles David Keeling 1928-2005. Nature 2005;437:331.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cuffey KM, Marshall SJ. Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet. Nature 2000;404:591–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Peng L, Song Z-G, Jiao S-C. Efficacy analysis of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on rare non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring complex EGFR mutations. Sci Rep 2014;4:6104.

A journal article with 31 or more authors

Cooper OR, Parrish DD, Stohl A, Trainer M, Nédélec P, Thouret V, Cammas JP, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ, Tarasick D, Leblanc T, McDermid IS, Jaffe D, Gao R, Stith J, Ryerson T, Aikin K, Campos T, Weinheimer A, Avery MA. Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America. Nature 2010;463:344–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ibrahim MA. Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

An edited book

Dudin A, Turck KD, eds. Analytical and Stochastic Modeling Techniques and Applications: 20th International Conference, ASMTA 2013, Ghent, Belgium, July 8-10, 2013. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Geller W, Schultze M. Remediation and Management of Acidified Pit Lakes and Outflowing Waters. In: Geller W, Schultze M, Kleinmann R, Wolkersdorfer C, eds. Acidic Pit Lakes: The Legacy of Coal and Metal Surface Mines. Environmental Science and Engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013:225–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Anesthesia and Analgesia.

Blog post

Andrew E. Breast Cancer Risk Increases With Disrupted Sleep Cycles. IFLScience 2015. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/breast-cancer-risk-increases-disrupted-sleep-cycles/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Transportation-Disadvantaged Populations: Many Federal Programs Fund Transportation Services, but Obstacles to Coordination Persist. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ramirez C. A Policy Analysis: Assembly Bill 1421 or Laura’s Law. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly D. Mudville Can Never Die. New York Times. April 15, 2001:725.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Anesthesia and Analgesia
Abbreviation	Anesth. Analg.
ISSN (print)	0003-2999
ISSN (online)	1526-7598
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine