How to format your references using the Anesthesia and Analgesia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Anesthesia and Analgesia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sanderson K. Display of flexibility. Nature 2007;445:473.

A journal article with 2 authors

Krajcik JS, Sutherland LM. Supporting students in developing literacy in science. Science 2010;328:456–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yozwiak NL, Schaffner SF, Sabeti PC. Data sharing: Make outbreak research open access. Nature 2015;518:477–9.

A journal article with 31 or more authors

Malhi Y, Roberts JT, Betts RA, Killeen TJ, Li W, Nobre CA. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science 2008;319:169–72.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Greenspan D. Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008.

An edited book

Gandhi A, Malhotra N, Malhotra J, Gupta N, Bora NM, eds. Principles of Critical Care in Obstetrics: Volume I. 1st ed. 2016. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Hallani SE, Ratbi I. Familial Gliomas: Role of TP53 Gene. In: Hayat MA, ed. Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Volume 2: Gliomas: Glioblastoma (Part 2). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011:39–45.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Anesthesia and Analgesia.

Blog post

Luntz S. Despite The Hype, Fewer Millennials Are Having Sex Than Predecessors. IFLScience 2016. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/despite-the-hype-fewer-millennials-are-having-sex-than-predecessors/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Indian Affairs: Preliminary Results Show Continued Challenges to the Oversight and Support of Education Facilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Survis FD. Residential lawn water use and lawn irrigation practices: Wellington, Florida. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

BRUCE LAMBERT; Reporting for this article was contributed by Faiza Akhtar, Beller PC, Burghardt LF, Cotsalas V, Toy VS, Vitello P, Winzelberg D. Democrats Extend Control In Nassau and Suffolk. New York Times. November 9, 2005:B10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Anesthesia and Analgesia
Abbreviation	Anesth. Analg.
ISSN (print)	0003-2999
ISSN (online)	1526-7598
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine