How to format your references using the Anesthesia and Analgesia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Anesthesia and Analgesia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Steinman L. Immune therapy for autoimmune diseases. Science 2004;305:212–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

He W, Ren T. Basilar membrane vibration is not involved in the reverse propagation of otoacoustic emissions. Sci Rep 2013;3:1874.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wang K, Dickinson RE, Liang S. Clear sky visibility has decreased over land globally from 1973 to 2007. Science 2009;323:1468–70.

A journal article with 31 or more authors

Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA, Kustka AB, Gobler CJ, Hutchins DA, Yang M, Lwiza K, Burns J, Capone DG, Raven JA, Carpenter EJ. Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean. Nature 2001;411:66–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gardner S, Birley S. Blogging for Dummies®. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010.

An edited book

Jajoda S, Mazumdar C, eds. Information Systems Security: 11th International Conference, ICISS 2015, Kolkata, India, December 16-20, 2015. Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Tobin K, Llena R. Producing and Maintaining Culturally Adaptive Teaching and Learning of Science in Urban Schools. In: Murphy C, Scantlebury K, eds. Coteaching in International Contexts: Research and Practice. Cultural Studies of Science Education. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010:79–103.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Anesthesia and Analgesia.

Blog post

Andrew D. Watch The Fight Between A Mongoose And A Cobra. IFLScience 2015. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/mongoose-vs-cobra/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Financial Management Systems: Experience with Prior Migration and Modernization Efforts Provides Lessons Learned for New Approach. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zepeda S. Housing First assertive community treatment program for adults with schizophrenia and co-occurring substance abuse: A grant proposal. 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron J. Old Board, Hub’s Heart, Goes Out of Service. New York Times. January 24, 2017:A20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Anesthesia and Analgesia
Abbreviation	Anesth. Analg.
ISSN (print)	0003-2999
ISSN (online)	1526-7598
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine