How to format your references using the American Journal of Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Callaway E. Transmission: Control issues. Nature. 2013;502(7470):S16-7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gebhardt JCM, Rief M. Biochemistry. Force signaling in biology. Science. 2009;324(5932):1278-1280.

A journal article with 3 authors

Walden H, Podgorski MS, Schulman BA. Insights into the ubiquitin transfer cascade from the structure of the activating enzyme for NEDD8. Nature. 2003;422(6929):330-334.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zheng J, Kwak K, Xie J, Fayer MD. Ultrafast carbon-carbon single-bond rotational isomerization in room-temperature solution. Science. 2006;313(5795):1951-1955.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Liu S, Liu Y. Modeling and Simulation for Microelectronic Packaging Assembly. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Uhlig T, Sellmaier F, Schmidhuber M, eds. Spacecraft Operations. Springer; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Sessoms M, Anyanwu K. SkyPackage: From Finding Items to Finding a Skyline of Packages on the Semantic Web. In: Takeda H, Qu Y, Mizoguchi R, Kitamura Y, eds. Semantic Technology: Second Joint International Conference, JIST 2012, Nara, Japan, December 2-4, 2012. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2013:49-64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Ophthalmology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. First Results From NASA’s Twins Experiment Surprise Scientists. IFLScience. January 31, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/space/first-results-from-nasas-twins-experiment-surprise-scientists/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Public Transit: Survey of Public Transit Agency Officials on Contracting Out Public Transit Operations and Other Services (GAO-13-824SP, September 2013), an E-Supplement to GAO-13-782. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2013.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ekstrom JE. Factors Influencing Retention in a Residential Treatment Program. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Erlanger S, Anderson C. Assange Rape Inquiry Is Dropped, but His Legal Troubles Remain Daunting. New York Times. May 19, 2017:A7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Am. J. Ophthalmol.
ISSN (print)	0002-9394
Scope	Ophthalmology