How to format your references using the American Journal of Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fischer R. Developmental biology. Sex and poison in the dark. Science. 2008;320(5882):1430-1431.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dynek JN, Smith S. Resolution of sister telomere association is required for progression through mitosis. Science. 2004;304(5667):97-100.

A journal article with 3 authors

Richmond JE, Weimer RM, Jorgensen EM. An open form of syntaxin bypasses the requirement for UNC-13 in vesicle priming. Nature. 2001;412(6844):338-341.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ma W, Qin LX, Liu FT, et al. Ubiquinone-quantum dot bioconjugates for in vitro and intracellular complex I sensing. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1537.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bertein JC, Ceschi R. Discrete Stochastic Processes and Optimal Filtering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Banerjee S, Mukherjee V, Haldar SK, eds. Understanding Development: An Indian Perspective on Legal and Economic Policy. 1st ed. 2016. Springer India; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Altizer TJJ. To Lissa McCullough (June 13, 1997). In: Grimshaw M, ed. This Silence Must Now Speak: Letters of Thomas J. J. Altizer, 1995–2015. Palgrave Macmillan US; 2016:19-23.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Ophthalmology.

Blog post

Hale T. How You Can Help In The Fight Against Climate Change. IFLScience. October 29, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/how-you-can-help-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Follow Up of Sanitary Conditions in Selected Food Industries. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Quick TD. Faith-Based Charter School Success at Education Ground Zero. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. The Future Comes to a Place That Hasn’t Always Had One. New York Times. February 11, 2001:149.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Am. J. Ophthalmol.
ISSN (print)	0002-9394
Scope	Ophthalmology