How to format your references using the American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hirth G. Earth science: Missing link in mantle dynamics. Nature. 2014;507(7490):42-43.

A journal article with 2 authors

True HL, Lindquist SL. A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Nature. 2000;407(6803):477-483.

A journal article with 3 authors

Taylor BW, Flecker AS, Hall RO Jr. Loss of a harvested fish species disrupts carbon flow in a diverse tropical river. Science. 2006;313(5788):833-836.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Feng P, Niu M, Gao C, Peng S, Shuai C. A novel two-step sintering for nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5599.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Burkinshaw SM. Physico-Chemical Aspects of Textile Coloration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

Giannoudis PV, ed. Practical Procedures in Elective Orthopaedic Surgery: Pelvis and Lower Extremity. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Chiong R, Kirley M. Co-evolutionary Learning in the N-player Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma with a Structured Environment. In: Korb K, Randall M, Hendtlass T, eds. Artificial Life: Borrowing from Biology: 4th Australian Conference, ACAL 2009, Melbourne, Australia, December 1-4, 2009. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2009:32-42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports.

Blog post

Andrew E. Cycloid Optical Illusion Will Boggle Your Mind. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Intellectual Property: Federal Enforcement Has Generally Increased, but Assessing Performance Could Strengthen Law Enforcement Efforts. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Valenzuela MA. Pitties for the Kiddies: An Animal-Assisted Therapy Program. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. ‘Bad’ Legal Advice and the Death Penalty. New York Times. November 6, 2007:A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports
Abbreviation	Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep.
ISSN (print)	2451-9936
Scope	Ophthalmology

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