How to format your references using the Africa Review citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Africa Review. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Raffaelli, David. 2004. “Ecology. How Extinction Patterns Affect Ecosystems.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 306 (5699): 1141–1142.

A journal article with 2 authors

Demaurex, Nicolas, and Clark Distelhorst. 2003. “Cell Biology. Apoptosis--the Calcium Connection.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 300 (5616): 65–67.

A journal article with 3 authors

Machens, Christian K., Ranulfo Romo, and Carlos D. Brody. 2005. “Flexible Control of Mutual Inhibition: A Neural Model of Two-Interval Discrimination.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 307 (5712): 1121–1124.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Dodge-Kafka, Kimberly L., Joseph Soughayer, Genevieve C. Pare, Jennifer J. Carlisle Michel, Lorene K. Langeberg, Michael S. Kapiloff, and John D. Scott. 2005. “The Protein Kinase A Anchoring Protein MAKAP Coordinates Two Integrated CAMP Effector Pathways.” Nature 437 (7058): 574–578.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hong, Guanglei. 2015. Causality in a Social World. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Delgado, João M. P. Q. 2015. Hygrothermal Risk on Building Heritage: A Methodology for a Risk Map. Edited by Ana Sofia Guimarães and Vasco Peixoto de Freitas. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Le Bourg, Eric. 2008. “Hypergravity in Drosophila Melanogaster.” In Mild Stress and Healthy Aging: Applying Hormesis in Aging Research and Interventions, edited by Eric Le Bourg and Suresh I. S. Rattan, 43–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Africa Review.

Blog post

Hale, Tom. 2016. “Mice Sing Ultrasonic Love Songs Akin To A Jet Engine.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/mice-sing-ultrasonic-love-songs-akin-to-a-jet-engine/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1970. Possible Misuse of Public Funds in Sale of Park Land. B-168174. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zelaya, Guadalupe Susana. 2012. “Hopelessness and Diabetes: Do Hispanic Diabetic Patients Feel Less Hopeless Eating Fruits, Vegetables and Exercising Regularly?” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy, Mary J. O. 2016. “The Pokemon Go of the 1930s: Excuse Me, I Need to Find a Monkey and Head to the Waldorf.” New York Times, July 22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Raffaelli 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Raffaelli 2004; Demaurex and Distelhorst 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Demaurex and Distelhorst 2003)
Three authors: (Machens, Romo, and Brody 2005)
4 or more authors: (Dodge-Kafka et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Africa Review
ISSN (print)	0974-4053
ISSN (online)	0974-4061
Scope	History Development Political Science and International Relations