How to format your references using the Africa Review citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Africa Review. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Middelburg, Jack J. 2015. “Oceanography. Escape by Dilution.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 348 (6232): 290.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nguyen, Ann N., and Ernst Zinner. 2004. “Discovery of Ancient Silicate Stardust in a Meteorite.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 303 (5663): 1496–1499.

A journal article with 3 authors

Hannon, J. B., V. B. Shenoy, and K. W. Schwarz. 2006. “Anomalous Spiral Motion of Steps near Dislocations on Silicon Surfaces.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 313 (5791): 1266–1269.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Zwierlein, M. W., J. R. Abo-Shaeer, A. Schirotzek, C. H. Schunck, and W. Ketterle. 2005. “Vortices and Superfluidity in a Strongly Interacting Fermi Gas.” Nature 435 (7045): 1047–1051.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hong, Guanglei. 2015. Causality in a Social World. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Spink, Amanda, and Bernhard J. Jansen, eds. 2005. Web Search: Public Searching of the Web. Vol. 6. Information Science and Knowledge Management. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Bier, Henriette, Kathleen de Bodt, and Jerry Galle. 2006. “SC: Prototypes for Interactive Architecture.” In Interactive Technologies and Sociotechnical Systems: 12th International Conference, VSMM 2006, Xi’an, China, October 18-20, 2006. Proceedings, edited by Hongbin Zha, Zhigeng Pan, Hal Thwaites, Alonzo C. Addison, and Maurizio Forte, 21–28. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Africa Review.

Blog post

Hale, Tom. 2016. “Watching This Video Will Crash Your IPhone.” IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1991. Airline Competition: Fares and Concentration at Small-City Airports. RCED-91-51. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cook, Ann Elizabeth. 2010. “Gas Hydrate-Filled Fracture Reservoirs on Continental Margins.” Doctoral dissertation, New York, NY: Columbia University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Joy, Susan. 2014. “Bags That Don’t Brag.” New York Times, September 25.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Middelburg 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Middelburg 2015; Nguyen and Zinner 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Nguyen and Zinner 2004)
Three authors: (Hannon, Shenoy, and Schwarz 2006)
4 or more authors: (Zwierlein et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Africa Review
ISSN (print)	0974-4053
ISSN (online)	0974-4061
Scope	History Development Political Science and International Relations