How to format your references using the Africa Review citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Africa Review. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bonetta, Laura. 2006. “Protein Purification: Fast Forward.” Nature 439 (7079): 1017–1021.

A journal article with 2 authors

Choi, Yong Jun, and Sang Yup Lee. 2013. “Microbial Production of Short-Chain Alkanes.” Nature 502 (7472): 571–574.

A journal article with 3 authors

Monje, Michelle L., Hiroki Toda, and Theo D. Palmer. 2003. “Inflammatory Blockade Restores Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 302 (5651): 1760–1765.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Matthiesen, Clemens, Megan J. Stanley, Maxime Hugues, Edmund Clarke, and Mete Atatüre. 2014. “Full Counting Statistics of Quantum Dot Resonance Fluorescence.” Scientific Reports 4 (May): 4911.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ballast, David Kent. 2010. Interior Detailing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Orshansky, Michael. 2008. Design for Manufacturability and Statistical Design: A Constructive Approach. Edited by Sani R. Nassif and Duane Boning. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Moulaert, Frank, and Jacques Nussbaumer. 2005. “Beyond the Learning Region: The Dialectics of Innovation and Culture in Territorial Development.” In Learning from Clusters: A Critical Assessment from an Economic-Geographical Perspective, edited by Ron A. Boschma and Robert C. Kloosterman, 89–109. The GeoJournal Library. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Africa Review.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2014. “Doctors Bow After 11-Year-Old Brain Tumor Patient Donates Organs.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/doctors-bow-after-11-year-old-brain-tumor-patient-donates-organs/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2012. Aviation Security: 9/11 Anniversary Observations on TSA’s Progress and Challenges in Strengthening Aviation Security. GAO-12-1024T. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kweider, Nour Mohamad. 2014. “Reading Comprehension among Arabic Heritage Language Learners and the Simple View of Reading Model.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney, Kelly. 2010. “King of Shish Kabob (With Mother-in-Law’s Help).” New York Times, July 25.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bonetta 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Bonetta 2006; Choi and Lee 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Choi and Lee 2013)
Three authors: (Monje, Toda, and Palmer 2003)
4 or more authors: (Matthiesen et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Africa Review
ISSN (print)	0974-4053
ISSN (online)	0974-4061
Scope	History Development Political Science and International Relations