How to format your references using the Advances in Difference Equations citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Advances in Difference Equations. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ellis, J.: Higgs boson: The need for new physics. Nature. 481, 24 (2012)

A journal article with 2 authors

Kim, J., Holtzman, D.M.: Medicine. Prion-like behavior of amyloid-beta. Science. 330, 918–919 (2010)

A journal article with 3 authors

Chouard, T., Weiss, U., Dhand, R.: Good “omics” for the poor? Nature. 419, 489 (2002)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Oliver, D., He, D.Z., Klöcker, N., Ludwig, J., Schulte, U., Waldegger, S., Ruppersberg, J.P., Dallos, P., Fakler, B.: Intracellular anions as the voltage sensor of prestin, the outer hair cell motor protein. Science. 292, 2340–2343 (2001)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rachev, S.T., Kim, Y.S., Bianchi, M.L., Fabozzi, F.J.: Financial Models with Lévy Processes and Volatility Clustering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2011)

An edited book

Haltinner, K., Sarathchandra, D., Alves-Foss, J., Chang, K., Conte de Leon, D., Song, J. eds: Cyber Security: Second International Symposium, CSS 2015, Coeur d’Alene, ID, USA, April 7-8, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)

A chapter in an edited book

Camacho, F.A.: Macroalgal and Cyanobacterial Chemical Defenses in Freshwater Communities. In: Amsler, C.D. (ed.) Algal Chemical Ecology. pp. 105–119. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2008)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Advances in Difference Equations.

Blog post

Fang, J.: Earth-like Soils on Mars Suggest Microbial Life

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Changing World of the Computer and Implications of ADP for GAO. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1979)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ochse, A.R.: Targeted Killing, Drones and International Law: How U.S. Practice is Shaping International Law, (2013)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Berkon, B.: Baseball’s Data Revolution Is Elevating Game’s Defensive Stars, (2017)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Advances in Difference Equations
Abbreviation	Adv. Differ. Equ.
ISSN (online)	1687-1847
Scope	Algebra and Number Theory Analysis Applied Mathematics