How to format your references using the Acta Orthopaedica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Acta Orthopaedica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Osterholm MT. A weapon the world needs. Nature. 2005;435(7041):417–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

Mitchell CE, Power AG. Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens. Nature. 2003;421(6923):625–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jimenez-Sanchez G, Childs B, Valle D. Human disease genes. Nature. 2001;409(6822):853–5.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Kupfer A, Müller H, Antoniazzi MM, Jared C, Greven H, Nussbaum RA, Wilkinson M. Parental investment by skin feeding in a caecilian amphibian. Nature. 2006;440(7086):926–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hopkins BR. Fundraising Law Made Easy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Lita da Silva J, Caeiro F, Natário I, Braumann CA, editors. Advances in Regression, Survival Analysis, Extreme Values, Markov Processes and Other Statistical Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Rolfe J, Bennett J, Kerr G. Applied Benefit Transfer: An Australian and New Zealand Policy Perspective. In: Johnston RJ, Rolfe J, Rosenberger RS, Brouwer R, editors. Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values: A Guide for Researchers and Practitioners. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2015. p. 85–100.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Acta Orthopaedica.

Blog post

Luntz S. Why Is The Sun’s Atmosphere So Much Hotter Than Its Surface? IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. The Process for Identifying Needs and Establishing Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1974 Jun. Report No.: 092321.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Quashie Z. Issues with Care Provided by Direct Care Workers: A Case Study [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Goldstein M, Protess B. Outline Fails to Mention Loophole for the Very Rich. New York Times. 2017;A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Osterholm 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Mitchell and Power 2003, Osterholm 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Mitchell and Power 2003)
Three or more authors: (Kupfer et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Acta Orthopaedica
Abbreviation	Acta Orthop.
ISSN (print)	1745-3674
ISSN (online)	1745-3682
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine