How to format your references using the Acta Orthopaedica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Acta Orthopaedica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Livingstone MS. Is it warm? Is it real? Or just low spatial frequency? Science. 2000;290(5495):1299b.

A journal article with 2 authors

Messing GL, Stevenson AJ. Materials science. Toward pore-free ceramics. Science. 2008;322(5900):383–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Schwartz JH, Tattersall I, Chi Z. Comment on “A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo.” Science. 2014;344(6182):360.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Thakur S, Biswas D, Sahadev N, Biswas PK, Balakrishnan G, Maiti K. Complex spectral evolution in a BCS superconductor, ZrB12. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3342.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Broekaert JAC. Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005.

An edited book

Ruairc GM. Leadership for Inclusive Education: Values, Vision and Voices. Ottesen E, Precey R, editors. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Wipf D, Zhang H. Analysis of Bayesian Blind Deconvolution. In: Heyden A, Kahl F, Olsson C, Oskarsson M, Tai X-C, editors. Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition: 9th International Conference, EMMCVPR 2013, Lund, Sweden, August 19-21, 2013 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 40–53.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Acta Orthopaedica.

Blog post

Andrew E. Rats Use Their Whiskers Like Humans Use Their Fingers. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. [Questions Concerning the Implementation of the Student Loan Consolidation and Technical Amendments Act of 1983]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1984 Sep. Report No.: B-214351.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kim YI. Essays on Volatility Risk, Asset Returns and Consumption-Based Asset Pricing [Doctoral dissertation]. [Columbus, OH]: Ohio State University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Corkery M. Walmart Sticks With Arkansas Headquarters as Amazon Plays the Field. New York Times. 2017;B4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Livingstone 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Livingstone 2000, Messing and Stevenson 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Messing and Stevenson 2008)
Three or more authors: (Thakur et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Acta Orthopaedica
Abbreviation	Acta Orthop.
ISSN (print)	1745-3674
ISSN (online)	1745-3682
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine