How to format your references using the Acta Orthopaedica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Acta Orthopaedica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Huang KG. Intellectual property. China’s innovation landscape. Science. 2010;329(5992):632–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Keklikoglou I, De Palma M. Cancer: Metastasis risk after anti-macrophage therapy. Nature. 2014;515(7525):46–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cowen RK, Paris CB, Srinivasan A. Scaling of connectivity in marine populations. Science. 2006;311(5760):522–7.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Ling GS, Crawford G, Buang N, Bartok I, Tian K, Thielens NM, Bally I, Harker JA, Ashton-Rickardt PG, Rutschmann S, Strid J, Botto M. C1q restrains autoimmunity and viral infection by regulating CD8+ T cell metabolism. Science. 2018;360(6388):558–63.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Quadbeck-Seeger H-J. World of the Elements. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2007.

An edited book

Fox EA, Neuhold EJ, Premsmit P, Wuwongse V, editors. Digital Libraries: Implementing Strategies and Sharing Experiences: 8th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2005, Bangkok, Thailand, December 12-15, 2005. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Lalanda P, McCann JA, Diaconescu A. The Monitoring Function. In: McCann JA, Diaconescu A, editors. Autonomic Computing: Principles, Design and Implementation. London: Springer; 2013. p. 129–51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Acta Orthopaedica.

Blog post

Andrew D. Can Drinking Coffee Reduce Your Dementia Risk? IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Reported Y2K Status of the 21 Largest U.S. Cities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Jul. Report No.: AIMD-99-246R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kannanthanathu AF. Wavelet Transform and Ensemble Logistic Regression for Driver Drowsiness Detection [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Anderson J. Pinning Award Hopes on a Powerful Song. New York Times. 2017;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Huang 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Huang 2010, Keklikoglou and De Palma 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Keklikoglou and De Palma 2014)
Three or more authors: (Ling et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Acta Orthopaedica
Abbreviation	Acta Orthop.
ISSN (print)	1745-3674
ISSN (online)	1745-3682
Scope	General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine