How to format your references using the Vocations and Learning citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Vocations and Learning. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Brauer, J. (2005). Establishing indicators for biodiversity. Science (New York, N.Y.), 308(5723), 791–2; author reply 791-2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Forrest, W. F., & Cavet, G. (2007). Comment on “The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.” Science (New York, N.Y.), 317(5844), 1500; author reply 1500.

A journal article with 3 authors

French, S., Lekic, V., & Romanowicz, B. (2013). Waveform tomography reveals channeled flow at the base of the oceanic asthenosphere. Science (New York, N.Y.), 342(6155), 227–230.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Keren, K., Pincus, Z., Allen, G. M., Barnhart, E. L., Marriott, G., Mogilner, A., & Theriot, J. A. (2008). Mechanism of shape determination in motile cells. Nature, 453(7194), 475–480.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zhang, P. G., & Chan, T. (2011). The Chinese Yuan. 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore 129809: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd.

An edited book

Vermeulen, B. (2014). Debugging Systems-on-Chip: Communication-centric and Abstraction-based Techniques. (K. Goossens, Ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Heinzel, A., & König, U. (2009). Nanotechnology for Fuel Cells. In E. R. Leite (Ed.), Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Energy Production and Storage (pp. 151–183). Boston, MA: Springer US.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Vocations and Learning.

Blog post

Fang, J. (2015, February 13). Seal And Octopus Battle Captured On Camera. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/seal-and-octopus-battle-captured-british-columbia/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2012). Information Technology: Department of Labor Could Further Facilitate Modernization of States’ Unemployment Insurance Systems (No. GAO-12-957). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Salifu, A. (2008). Names that prick: Royal praise names in Dagbon, northern Ghana (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Lee, L. (2000, January 30). Parties. Films. Free Food. That’s Entertainment! New York Times, p. 91.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Brauer 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Brauer 2005; Forrest and Cavet 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Forrest and Cavet 2007)
Three or more authors: (Keren et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Vocations and Learning
Abbreviation	Vocat. Learn.
ISSN (print)	1874-785X
ISSN (online)	1874-7868
Scope	Education