How to format your references using the Viral Immunology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Viral Immunology (VIM). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sackett CA. Quantum Physics: An Atomic SQUID. Nature 2014;505(7482):166–167.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ray LB and Gough NR. Orienteering Strategies for a Signaling Maze. Science 2002;296(5573):1632–1633.

A journal article with 3 authors

Han C, Ding H and Lv F. Demonstration of a Refractometric Sensor Based on an Optical Micro-Fiber Three-Beam Interferometer. Sci Rep 2014;4:7504.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Dai P, Mook HA, Aeppli G, et al. Resonance as a Measure of Pairing Correlations in the High-Tc Superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.6. Nature 2000;406(6799):965–968.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Takezawa K. Introduction to Nonparametric Regression: Takezawa/Introduction. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ; 2005.

An edited book

Sholarin EA. Environmental Project Management: Principles, Methodology, and Processes. (Awange JL. ed). Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Navarro JC, Monroig Ó and Sykes AV. Nutrition as a Key Factor for Cephalopod Aquaculture. In: Cephalopod Culture. (Iglesias J, Fuentes L, and Villanueva R. eds) Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht; 2014; pp. 77–95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Viral Immunology.

Blog post

Taub B. New Treatment “Reverses” Cocaine Addiction In Rats. IFLScience; 2016. [Last accessed: 10/30/2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. FASAB Volume 1 Original Statements: Statements of Federal Financial Accounting Concepts and Standards. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC; 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Liu Y. Analysis on the Distinct Path in a Star Interconnection Network. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K. Sophisticated Takeout. New York Times 2008;NJ16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Sackett, 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Ray and Gough, 2002; Sackett, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ray and Gough, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Dai et al., 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Viral Immunology
ISSN (print)	0882-8245
ISSN (online)	1557-8976
Scope