How to format your references using the Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

C.J. Shatz, Lawrence C. Katz (1956-2005), Nature. 439 (2006) 152.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

F.J. Gómez, R.M. Waymouth, Polymer synthesis. Catalysts rise to the challenge, Science. 295 (2002) 635–636.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

R. Bailis, M. Ezzati, D.M. Kammen, Mortality and greenhouse gas impacts of biomass and petroleum energy futures in Africa, Science. 308 (2005) 98–103.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D. Liu, W. Lei, S. Qin, Y. Chen, Template-free synthesis of functional 3D BN architecture for removal of dyes from water, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 4453.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

T. Makower, Touching the City, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2014.

An edited book

[1]

D.A. Micha, I. Burghardt, eds., Quantum Dynamics of Complex Molecular Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

J. Brewer, F. Richman, Subrings of zero-dimensional rings, in: J.W. Brewer, S. Glaz, W.J. Heinzer, B.M. Olberding (Eds.), Multiplicative Ideal Theory in Commutative Algebra: A Tribute to the Work of Robert Gilmer, Springer US, Boston, MA, 2006: pp. 73–88.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics.

Blog post

[1]

J. Davis, Male Spider Mutilates Females’ Genitalia To Prevent Her From Mating Ever Again, IFLScience. (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/male-spider-mutilates-females-genitalia-prevent-her-mating-ever-again/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Relocation of the Western Executive Seminar Center, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1985.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

R. Flannery, Clustering of Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Cilia, Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. Yeh, Little Moments, New York Times. (2016) BR44.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics
Abbreviation	Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech.
ISSN (print)	0167-8442
Scope	Mechanical Engineering General Materials Science Applied Mathematics Condensed Matter Physics

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