How to format your references using the Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

W. Sargent, Obituary: J. Beverley Oke (1928-2004), Nature 428 (2004) 483.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

M.L. Stitzel, G. Seydoux, Regulation of the oocyte-to-zygote transition, Science 316 (2007) 407–408.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

F. Preusser, D. Radies, A. Matter, A 160,000-year record of dune development and atmospheric circulation in Southern Arabia, Science 296 (2002) 2018–2020.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

T. Kreisig, A.A. Prasse, K. Zscharnack, D. Volke, T. Zuchner, His-tag protein monitoring by a fast mix-and-measure immunoassay, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 5613.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

D. Olsen, The Lean Product Playbook, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, 2015.

An edited book

[1]

V. Bothmer, Space Weather- Physics and Effects, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

M. Naghdi, M. Taheran, S.J. Sarma, S.K. Brar, A.A. Ramirez, M. Verma, Nanotechnology to Remove Contaminants, in: S. Ranjan, N. Dasgupta, E. Lichtfouse (Eds.), Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 1, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016: pp. 101–128.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics.

Blog post

[1]

J. Davis, New Medical Material Uses Snake Venom To Stem Bleeding, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Information Technology: Agencies and OMB Should Strengthen Processes for Identifying and Overseeing High Risk Projects, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

E.S. Buquiran, Factors affecting members’ retention in Toastmasters International, Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

B. Sisario, With Vinyl, Creating a Physical Presence, New York Times (2016) B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics
Abbreviation	Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech.
ISSN (print)	0167-8442
Scope	Mechanical Engineering General Materials Science Applied Mathematics Condensed Matter Physics