How to format your references using the Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

K. Bourzac, Batteries: 4 big questions, Nature 526 (2015) S105.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

N.P. Gurao, S. Suwas, Generalized scaling of misorientation angle distributions at meso-scale in deformed materials, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 5641.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

W.W.L. Cheung, R. Watson, D. Pauly, Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch, Nature 497 (2013) 365–368.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Y. Sun, H.X. Lei, H. Cui, G.W. Yang, B.J. Li, C.X. Wang, Si-doped ceramic Al4O4C nanowires: full-color emission and optical waveguide behavior, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 6833.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

M.A. Selyanin, P.Y. Boykov, V.N. Khabarov, F. Polyak, Hyaluronic Acid, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2015.

An edited book

[1]

E. Morava, M. Baumgartner, M. Patterson, S. Rahman, J. Zschocke, V. Peters, eds., JIMD Reports, Volume 25, 1st ed. 2016, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

G. Özbal, C. Strapparava, R. Mihalcea, D. Pighin, A Comparison of Unsupervised Methods to Associate Colors with Words, in: S. D’Mello, A. Graesser, B. Schuller, J.-C. Martin (Eds.), Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction: Fourth International Conference, ACII 2011, Memphis, TN, USA, October 9–12, 2011, Proceedings, Part II, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011: pp. 42–51.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, What Would Europe Look Like If All The Ice On Earth Melted?, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Oversight of Federally Sponsored Research and Development, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1980.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

N.Y. Miller, Nutrition education series for female club soccer players 14 to 18 years of age, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

B. Kenigsberg, 2017 Sundance Film Festival Short Film Tour, New York Times (2017) C10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics
Abbreviation	Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech.
ISSN (print)	0167-8442
Scope	Mechanical Engineering General Materials Science Applied Mathematics Condensed Matter Physics