How to format your references using the Surgical Neurology International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Surgical Neurology International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Diallinas G. Biochemistry. An almost-complete movie. Science 2008; 322:1644–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kovach JD, Lamb RS. Evolution. There can be only one. Science 2014; 343:623–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kennedy S, Wang D, Ruvkun G. A conserved siRNA-degrading RNase negatively regulates RNA interference in C. elegans. Nature 2004; 427:645–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Das T, Kulkarni PD, Purandare SC, Barshilia HC, Bhattacharyya S, Chowdhury P. Anomalous enhancement in interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy through uphill diffusion. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5328.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Wildi O. Data Analysis in Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK, 2010

An edited book

Siekmann RCR, Soek J (eds). Lex Sportiva: What is Sports Law? T. M. C. Asser Press: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2012

A chapter in an edited book

Gioia A. Nuclear Accidents and International Law, in Guttry A de , Gestri M , Venturini G (eds): International Disaster Response Law. T. M. C. Asser Press: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2012, pp.85–102

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Surgical Neurology International.

Blog post

Andrew E. Novel Method of Detecting the Earliest Black Holes. IFLScience 2014; Available: https://www.iflscience.com/space/novel-method-detecting-earliest-black-holes/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Public Transportation: Use of Contractors is Generally Enhancing Transit Project Oversight, and FTA is Taking Actions to Address Some Stakeholder Concerns. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2010

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nichols J. Genetic and genomic mechanisms of neonatal hyperoxic lung injury in the inbred mouse. 2012;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB. Hedge Fund Math: Heads or Tails, They Win. New York Times 2016;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference ^[2].
This sentence cites two references ^[2,4].
This sentence cites four references ^[3,6–8].

About the journal

Full journal title	Surgical Neurology International
Abbreviation	Surg. Neurol. Int.
ISSN (print)	2229-5097
ISSN (online)	2152-7806
Scope	Clinical Neurology Surgery