How to format your references using the Sports Medicine - Open citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sports Medicine - Open. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Gershon D. Crossing the divide between theory and practice. Nature. 2000;404:316.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Margueron R, Reinberg D. The Polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. Nature. 2011;469:343–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Shiu R-F, Chin W-C, Lee C-L. Carbonaceous particles reduce marine microgel formation. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5856.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Yu J, Sadhukhan S, Noriega LG, Moullan N, He B, Weiss RS, et al. Metabolic characterization of a Sirt5 deficient mouse model. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2806.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Fischer DJ, Treister NS, Pinto A. Risk Assessment and Oral Diagnostics in Clinical Dentistry. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Batiz-Lazo B, Efthymiou L, editors. The Book of Payments: Historical and Contemporary Views on the Cashless Society. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Higgott R. Economic Multilateralism: A Search for Legitimacy and Coherence in the Early Twenty-first Century. In: Telò M, editor. State, Globalization and Multilateralism: The challenges of institutionalizing regionalism. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012. p. 61–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sports Medicine - Open.

Blog post

1. O`Callaghan J. This Bionic Octopus Arm Can Wrap Around Objects And Pick Them Up [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/this-bionic-octopus-arm-can-wrap-around-objects-and-pick-them-up/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: An Assessment Guide (Supersedes 158206). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997 Sep. Report No.: AIMD-10.1.14.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Chongkrairatanakul W. Foreign-educated nurses [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Greenhouse L. Justices Raise Doubts on Campaign Finance Law. New York Times. 2007 Apr 26;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sports Medicine - Open
Abbreviation	Sports Med. Open
ISSN (print)	2199-1170
ISSN (online)	2198-9761
Scope