How to format your references using the Sports Medicine - Open citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sports Medicine - Open. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Khochbin S. Persian role in flowering of Islamic science. Nature. 2000;405:14.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Kleppner D, Jackiw R. One hundred years of quantum physics. Science. 2000;289:893–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Morens DM, Subbarao K, Taubenberger JK. Engineering H5N1 avian influenza viruses to study human adaptation. Nature. 2012;486:335–40.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Downs JP, Daeschler EB, Jenkins FA Jr, Shubin NH. The cranial endoskeleton of Tiktaalik roseae. Nature. 2008;455:925–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. MacClancy J. Anthropology in the Public Arena. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Mahlow C, Piotrowski M, editors. Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology: Third International Workshop, SFCM 2013, Berlin, Germany, September 6, 2013 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Ermine W, Pittman J. Nikan oti (the future): Adaptation and Adaptive Capacity in Two First Nations Communities. In: Leal Filho W, editor. The Economic, Social and Political Elements of Climate Change. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 69–80.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sports Medicine - Open.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. Humans Could Be In Orbit Around Mars As Soon As 2028 [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/humans-could-be-orbit-around-mars-soon-2028/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: Management Needs to Address Reporting of IRS Investments’ Cost, Schedule, and Scope Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015 Feb. Report No.: GAO-15-297.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Goggin S. The European Capital of Culture: The politics of a becoming Europe [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Dynarski S. A Little Breathing Room in the Financial Aid Gantlet. New York Times. 2016 Sep 16;BU3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sports Medicine - Open
Abbreviation	Sports Med. Open
ISSN (print)	2199-1170
ISSN (online)	2198-9761
Scope