How to format your references using the PROSPECTS citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PROSPECTS. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jayaraman, K. S. (2000). India’s finest, for hire. Nature, 407(6806), 830–831.

A journal article with 2 authors

Qian, L., & Winfree, E. (2011). Scaling up digital circuit computation with DNA strand displacement cascades. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332(6034), 1196–1201.

A journal article with 3 authors

Rychert, C. A., Fischer, K. M., & Rondenay, S. (2005). A sharp lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary imaged beneath eastern North America. Nature, 436(7050), 542–545.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Engin, F., Nguyen, T., Yermalovich, A., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2014). Aberrant islet unfolded protein response in type 2 diabetes. Scientific reports, 4, 4054.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cornier, J., Owen, A., Kwade, A., & Van de Voorde, M. (2017). Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Innovation and Production. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Chatterjee, S. (2011). Identity-Based Encryption. (P. Sarkar, Ed.). Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Pradhan, J. P., & Das, K. (2016). Determinants of Regional Exports. In K. Das (Ed.), Manufacturing Exports from Indian States: Determinants and Policy Imperatives (pp. 45–68). New Delhi: Springer India.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PROSPECTS.

Blog post

Hamilton, K. (2015, April 24). The Most Incredible Photographs The Hubble Telescope Has Ever Taken. IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1978). H.R. 13343, a Bill To Establish a Department of Education, and for Other Purposes (No. B-149737). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cuthbertson, T. H. (2014). The fool’s replies: Toward a poetics of folly in Shakespeare’s comedies (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saulny, S. (2004, March 8). Club’s Owner And 2 Others Arrested in Raid. New York Times, p. B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Jayaraman 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Jayaraman 2000; Qian and Winfree 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Qian and Winfree 2011)
Three or more authors: (Engin et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	PROSPECTS
Abbreviation	Prospects (Paris)
ISSN (print)	0033-1538
ISSN (online)	1573-9090
Scope	Education