How to format your references using the PROSPECTS citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PROSPECTS. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Primack, J. (2010). Astronomy. Hidden growth of supermassive black holes in galaxy mergers. Science (New York, N.Y.), 328(5978), 576–578.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fujiwara, M., & Caswell, H. (2001). Demography of the endangered North Atlantic right whale. Nature, 414(6863), 537–541.

A journal article with 3 authors

Green, M. T., Dawson, J. H., & Gray, H. B. (2004). Oxoiron(IV) in chloroperoxidase compound II is basic: implications for P450 chemistry. Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5677), 1653–1656.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Miller, C., Thomsen, L. E., Gaggero, C., Mosseri, R., Ingmer, H., & Cohen, S. N. (2004). SOS response induction by beta-lactams and bacterial defense against antibiotic lethality. Science (New York, N.Y.), 305(5690), 1629–1631.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kossiakoff, A., & Sweet, W. N. (2005). Systems Engineering Principles and Practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Lasaponara, R., Masini, N., & Orefici, G. (Eds.). (2016). The Ancient Nasca World: New Insights from Science and Archaeology. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Couvidat, S. (2011). Solar Oscillations: Current Trends. In M. P. Miralles & J. Sánchez Almeida (Eds.), The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere (pp. 31–38). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PROSPECTS.

Blog post

Andrews, R. (2017, January 4). NASA Debuts 3D Images Of Mars’ Weird And Wonderful Polar Ice Caps. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-debut-3d-images-mars-polar-ice-caps/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1998). Federal Research: Two Political Science Grants Awarded by the National Science Foundation (No. RCED-98-91R). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bai, J. (2012). Development and validation of the acculturative stress scale for Chinese College Students in the United States (ASSCS) (Doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Clarey, C. (2017, January 17). Williams Avoids Opening-Round Stumble, Overcoming a Tough Young Foe. New York Times, p. B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Primack 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Fujiwara and Caswell 2001; Primack 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Fujiwara and Caswell 2001)
Three or more authors: (Miller et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	PROSPECTS
Abbreviation	Prospects (Paris)
ISSN (print)	0033-1538
ISSN (online)	1573-9090
Scope	Education