How to format your references using the Practice citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Practice. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Savage, Neil. 2012. “Materials Science: Super Carbon.” Nature 483 (7389): S30-1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jia, Ting, and Eric G. Pamer. 2009. “Immunology. Dispensable but Not Irrelevant.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 325 (5940): 549–550.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ohbayashi, Machiko, Kenichi Ohki, and Yasushi Miyashita. 2003. “Conversion of Working Memory to Motor Sequence in the Monkey Premotor Cortex.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 301 (5630): 233–236.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Zhao, Wenhui, Jan-Philipp Kruse, Yi Tang, Sung Yun Jung, Jun Qin, and Wei Gu. 2008. “Negative Regulation of the Deacetylase SIRT1 by DBC1.” Nature 451 (7178): 587–590.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Jones, Gerard F. 2010. Gravity-Driven Water Flow in Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Domingo-Pascual, Jordi, Yuval Shavitt, and Steve Uhlig, eds. 2011. Traffic Monitoring and Analysis: Third International Workshop, TMA 2011, Vienna, Austria, April 27, 2011. Proceedings. Vol. 6613. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Buchard, Antoine, Clare M. Bakewell, Jonathan Weiner, and Charlotte K. Williams. 2012. “Recent Developments in Catalytic Activation of Renewable Resources for Polymer Synthesis.” In Organometallics and Renewables, edited by Michael A. R. Meier, Bert M. Weckhuysen, and Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx, 175–224. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Practice.

Blog post

Davis, Josh. 2016. “Commonly Used Pesticide Is Acting As An Inadvertent Contraceptive For Bees.” IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2015. General Aviation: Observations Related to Liability Insurance Requirements and Coverage for Aircraft Owners. GAO-15-740. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Woo, Chimi. 2008. “Cross-Cultural Encounter and the Novel: Nation, Identity, and Genre in Nineteenth-Century British Literature.” Doctoral dissertation, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kaufman, Michael T. 2017. “Lillian Ross Dies at 99; A New Yorker Reporter Whose Memoir Rankled.” New York Times, September 20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Savage 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Savage 2012; Jia and Pamer 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Jia and Pamer 2009)
Three authors: (Ohbayashi, Ohki, and Miyashita 2003)
4 or more authors: (Zhao et al. 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Practice
Abbreviation	Practice (Birm.)
ISSN (print)	0950-3153
ISSN (online)	1742-4909
Scope	Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Sociology and Political Science