How to format your references using the Practice citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Practice. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schwartz, Jeffrey H. 2004. “Anthropology. Getting to Know Homo Erectus.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 305 (5680): 53–54.

A journal article with 2 authors

Mattila, Heather R., and Thomas D. Seeley. 2007. “Genetic Diversity in Honey Bee Colonies Enhances Productivity and Fitness.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 317 (5836): 362–364.

A journal article with 3 authors

Motose, Hiroyasu, Munetaka Sugiyama, and Hiroo Fukuda. 2004. “A Proteoglycan Mediates Inductive Interaction during Plant Vascular Development.” Nature 429 (6994): 873–878.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Chen, Chin-Wu, Stéphane Rondenay, Rob L. Evans, and David B. Snyder. 2009. “Geophysical Detection of Relict Metasomatism from an Archean (Approximately 3.5 Ga) Subduction Zone.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 326 (5956): 1089–1091.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Habart-Corlosquet, Marine, Jacques Janssen, and Raimondo Manca. 2013. VaR Methodology for Non-Gaussian Finance. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Viaroli, P., P. Lasserre, and P. Campostrini, eds. 2007. Lagoons and Coastal Wetlands in the Global Change Context: Impacts and Management Issues: Selected Papers of the International Conference “CoastWetChange”, Venice, 26–28 April 2004. Vol. 192. Developments in Hydrobiology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Liang, Jiajie, Zhibin Yu, Lu Li, Huier Gao, and Qibing Pei. 2015. “Stable Junction Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.” In Organic Nanophotonics: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Yong Sheng Zhao, 87–117. Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Practice.

Blog post

Taub, Ben. 2016. “Watch This Wingsuited Daredevil Pull Off The Highest BASE Jump Ever.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/watch-this-wingsuited-daredevil-pull-off-highest-base-jump-ever/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1999. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Customs Is Making Good Progress. T-AIMD-99-225. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Huynhle, Marvin. 2017. “High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Increases Resilience against Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection in Drosophila Larvae.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Branch, John. 2016. “Short, Hard Climb (So He Hoped).” New York Times, November 19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Schwartz 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Schwartz 2004; Mattila and Seeley 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Mattila and Seeley 2007)
Three authors: (Motose, Sugiyama, and Fukuda 2004)
4 or more authors: (Chen et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Practice
Abbreviation	Practice (Birm.)
ISSN (print)	0950-3153
ISSN (online)	1742-4909
Scope	Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Sociology and Political Science