How to format your references using the Physics Letters A citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics Letters A. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

P. Vukusic, Materials science. Evolutionary photonics with a twist, Science. 325 (2009) 398–399.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

J.M. Jones, M. Widmann, Atmospheric science: early peak in Antarctic oscillation index, Nature. 432 (2004) 290–291.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

B. Ribeiro, N. Perra, A. Baronchelli, Quantifying the effect of temporal resolution on time-varying networks, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 3006.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

A. Caramazza, D. Chialant, R. Capasso, G. Miceli, Separable processing of consonants and vowels, Nature. 403 (2000) 428–430.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, N. Serpone, Powering Planet Earth, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2013.

An edited book

[1]

I.V. Evstigneev, Mathematical Financial Economics: A Basic Introduction, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

C. Houy, P. Fettke, P. Loos, Understanding Understandability of Conceptual Models – What Are We Actually Talking about?, in: P. Atzeni, D. Cheung, S. Ram (Eds.), Conceptual Modeling: 31st International Conference ER 2012, Florence, Italy, October 15-18, 2012. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012: pp. 64–77.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics Letters A.

Blog post

[1]

T. Hale, Scientists Launch Search For The Supposedly Extinct Tasmanian Tiger, IFLScience. (2017). https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-launch-search-for-the-supposedly-extinct-tasmanian-tiger/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Aviation Security: TSA’s Revised Cost Comparison Provides a More Reasonable Basis for Comparing the Costs of Private-Sector and TSA Screeners, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

J.L. McElhoes, Spatial, Technological, and Functional Variability Among the Prehistoric Ceramics of the Southern California Coast, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. Schwartz, Exxon’s Forecasts, Not Past Views, Are at Core of Climate Investigation, New York Times. (2016) B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics Letters A
Abbreviation	Phys. Lett. A
ISSN (print)	0375-9601
Scope	General Physics and Astronomy

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