How to format your references using the Perspectives in Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Perspectives in Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

L. Kristoufek, Fractal markets hypothesis and the global financial crisis: wavelet power evidence, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 2857.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Z.-F. Yang, J.-H. Zhou, Can we identify source lithology of basalt?, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1856.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S.M. Hanash, S.J. Pitteri, V.M. Faca, Mining the plasma proteome for cancer biomarkers, Nature 452 (2008) 571–579.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

G. Kurisu, H. Zhang, J.L. Smith, W.A. Cramer, Structure of the cytochrome b6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis: tuning the cavity, Science 302 (2003) 1009–1014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

J.F. Doyle, Modern Experimental Stress Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2005.

An edited book

[1]

M. Morari, L. Thiele, eds., Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control: 8th International Workshop, HSCC 2005, Zurich, Switzerland, March 9-11, 2005. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

S.C. Cazella, E.B. Reategui, P. Behar, Recommendation of Learning Objects Applying Collaborative Filtering and Competencies, in: N. Reynolds, M. Turcsányi-Szabó (Eds.), Key Competencies in the Knowledge Society: IFIP TC 3 International Conference, KCKS 2010, Held as Part of WCC 2010, Brisbane, Australia, September 20-23, 2010. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010: pp. 35–43.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Perspectives in Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Key Ingredient For Life Discovered On Mars, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Continuing Risks of Disruption to Social Security, Medicare, and Treasury Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

B.A. Miller, “Parable-art” beyond the Auden generation: An examination of the message-bearing aspects and architecture of two twenty-first-century works for chorus and chamber orchestra, Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

L. Marx, After a Clumsy First Kiss, Making Out Just Fine, New York Times (2016) ST17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Perspectives in Medicine
Abbreviation	Perspect. Med.
ISSN (print)	2211-968X
Scope	General Medicine