How to format your references using the Pattern Analysis and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pattern Analysis and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Masood E (2012) Expert assessments can work if lessons are learned. Nature 490:145

A journal article with 2 authors

Zhang G, David Lou XW (2013) Controlled growth of NiCo₂O₄ nanorods and ultrathin nanosheets on carbon nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitors. Sci Rep 3:1470

A journal article with 3 authors

Sleutels F, Zwart R, Barlow DP (2002) The non-coding Air RNA is required for silencing autosomal imprinted genes. Nature 415:810–813

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Mähönen AP, Bishopp A, Higuchi M, et al (2006) Cytokinin signaling and its inhibitor AHP6 regulate cell fate during vascular development. Science 311:94–98

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Vallin RW (2013) The Elements of Cantor Sets. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Beal T (2016) China, New Zealand, and the Complexities of Globalization: Asymmetry, Complementarity, and Competition. Palgrave Macmillan US, New York, NY

A chapter in an edited book

Rao D, McNamee P, Dredze M (2013) Entity Linking: Finding Extracted Entities in a Knowledge Base. In: Poibeau T, Saggion H, Piskorski J, Yangarber R (eds) Multi-source, Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 93–115

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pattern Analysis and Applications.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Iris Scanners Can Now Identify Us From 40 Feet Away. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1984) GAO’s Review of Federal Efforts To Reduce Asbestos Hazards in Schools. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Best ML (2013) Assistant Principals and Reform: A Socialization Paradox? Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barry E (2017) Fraud Culture Rises in India, Aiming at U.S. New York Times A1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pattern Analysis and Applications
Abbreviation	Pattern Anal. Appl.
ISSN (print)	1433-7541
ISSN (online)	1433-755X
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition