How to format your references using the Pattern Analysis and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pattern Analysis and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Newman AL (2015) What the “right to be forgotten” means for privacy in a digital age. Science 347:507–508

A journal article with 2 authors

Gebhardt JCM, Rief M (2009) Biochemistry. Force signaling in biology. Science 324:1278–1280

A journal article with 3 authors

Berkhout B, Das AT, Beerens N (2001) HIV-1 RNA editing, hypermutation, and error-prone reverse transcription. Science 292:7

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Pagnussat GC, Alandete-Saez M, Bowman JL, Sundaresan V (2009) Auxin-dependent patterning and gamete specification in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte. Science 324:1684–1689

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Troppens U, Erkens R, Müller W (2004) Storage Networks Explained. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Krüger R (2013) Brand Growth Barriers: Identify, Understand, and Overcome Them. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Moore PB (2011) How Small is Small? In: Luisi PL, Stano P (eds) The Minimal Cell: The Biophysics of Cell Compartment and the Origin of Cell Functionality. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 65–71

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pattern Analysis and Applications.

Blog post

Luntz S (2017) Immigration Fears Can Impact Birth Weight Of Even US Citizens’ Babies. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1997) NASA Procurement: Contract Management Oversight. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Okada T (2012) Corporate culture and organizational efficiency in the competitive international market. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

(nyt) SK (2003) World Briefing | Europe: Russia: Church Freezes Ties With Episcopalians. New York Times A6

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pattern Analysis and Applications
Abbreviation	Pattern Anal. Appl.
ISSN (print)	1433-7541
ISSN (online)	1433-755X
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition