How to format your references using the Palaios citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Palaios. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schmidt, C., 2015, Cancer: Reshaping the cancer clinic: Nature, v. 527, p. S10-1.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fisher, S.J., and Giudice, L.C., 2013, Retrospective. Robert G. Edwards (1925-2013): Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 340, p. 825.

A journal article with 3 authors

Templeton, C.N., Greene, E., and Davis, K., 2005, Allometry of alarm calls: black-capped chickadees encode information about predator size: Science (New York, N.Y.), v. 308, p. 1934–1937.

A journal article with 15 or more authors

Liao, H., Li, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Yue, S., and Gong, Q., 2013, A submicron broadband surface-plasmon-polariton unidirectional coupler: Scientific reports, v. 3, p. 1918.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brandimarte, P., 2014, Handbook in Monte Carlo Simulation: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Sharma, D., 2016, Biosurfactants of Lactic Acid Bacteria (B. S. Saharan & S. Kapil, Eds.): Springer International Publishing, Cham, XII, 86 p. 20 illus., 6 illus. in color p.

A chapter in an edited book

Hamper, A., 2016, Tailored Physical Activity Promotion with Context-Based Mobile Applications, in Wickramasinghe, N., Troshani, I., and Tan, J., eds., Contemporary Consumer Health Informatics: Healthcare Delivery in the Information Age, Springer International Publishing, Cham, p. 73–89.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Palaios.

Blog post

Carpineti, A., 2017, Early Universe Galaxies Like Ours Are Surrounded By “Super Halos”: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/early-universe-galaxies-like-ours-are-surrounded-by-super-halos/. Checked October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1999, Information Security: Many NASA Missions-Critical Systems Face Serious Risks: U.S. Government Printing Office AIMD-99-47.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Breckenridge, C., 2017, Measuring Object and Attribute Salience in 2014 Illinois Gubernatorial Endorsements: Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Poniewozik, J., 2017, Rebelling Against a Charmed Life: New York Times, p. C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Schmidt, 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Fisher and Giudice, 2013; Schmidt, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Fisher and Giudice, 2013)
Three or more authors: (Liao et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Palaios
Abbreviation	Palaios
ISSN (print)	0883-1351
ISSN (online)	1938-5323
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Palaeontology