How to format your references using the Pain Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pain Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lerman L. Genome-sequencing anniversary. The genome dances. Science 2011;331(6020):1027.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kroymann J, Mitchell-Olds T. Epistasis and balanced polymorphism influencing complex trait variation. Nature 2005;435(7038):95–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dietl GP, Herbert GS, Vermeij GJ. Reduced competition and altered feeding behavior among marine snails after a mass extinction. Science 2004;306(5705):2229–31.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Mitsuhashi R, Suzuki Y, Yamanari Y, Mitamura H, Kambe T, Ikeda N, et al. Superconductivity in alkali-metal-doped picene. Nature 2010;464(7285):76–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Holzman G CVT VTS De, Raffel T CVT VTS Su. Surgical Patient Care for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

Foster KA, ed. Molecular Aspects of Botulinum Neurotoxin. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. (Current Topics in Neurotoxicity; vol. 4).

A chapter in an edited book

Damjanovic D. Lead-Based Piezoelectric Materials. In: Safari A, Akdoğan EK, eds. Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008:59–79.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pain Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. Found: Our 3m-Year-Old Forebear Who Lived Alongside ‘Lucy’ [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/found-our-3m-year-old-forebear-who-lived-alongside-lucy/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Air Force ADP: Depot Maintenance System Development Risks Are High. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990 May. Report No.: IMTEC-90-46.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kolakoski M. The appeal to be heard and the trope of listening in classic film and African American literature [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Romero S. China’s Halting Forays Into Latin America. New York Times 2015;A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pain Medicine
ISSN (print)	1526-2375
ISSN (online)	1526-4637
Scope