How to format your references using the Optica citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Optica. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

R. P. Kirshner, "Throwing light on dark energy," Science 300, 1914–1918 (2003).

A journal article with 2 authors

R. P. Freckleton and W. J. Sutherland, "Hospital waiting-lists. Do power laws imply self-regulation?," Nature 413, 382 (2001).

A journal article with 3 authors

F. Exadaktylos, A. M. Espín, and P. Brañas-Garza, "Experimental subjects are not different," Sci. Rep. 3, 1213 (2013).

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Y. Lin, H. Skaff, T. Emrick, A. D. Dinsmore, and T. P. Russell, "Nanoparticle assembly and transport at liquid-liquid interfaces," Science 299, 226–229 (2003).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

T. G. Faticoni, The Mathematics of Infinity (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006).

An edited book

Y. Xiang, A. Cuzzocrea, M. Hobbs, and W. Zhou, eds., Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing: 11th International Conference, ICA300 2011, Melbourne, Australia, October 24-26, 2011, Proceedings, Part II, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer, 2011), Vol. 7017.

A chapter in an edited book

D. Fairman, D. Chigas, E. McClintock, and N. Drager, "Coalition-Building and Process Strategies," in Negotiating Public Health in a Globalized World: Global Health Diplomacy in Action, D. Chigas, E. McClintock, and N. Drager, eds., SpringerBriefs in Public Health (Springer Netherlands, 2012), pp. 63–79.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Optica.

Blog post

E. Andrew, "Fast-Spreading Killers: How Ebola Compares with Other Diseases," .

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, Interactive Graphics in the United Kingdom (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978).

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

M. D. Hutson, "Three Essays on Macroeconomic Forecasting," Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University (2015).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

B. Sisario, "Spotify Is Growing. So Are Its Losses," New York Times (June 15, 2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Optica
ISSN (online)	2334-2536
Scope