How to format your references using the Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bargmann, C. I.: Comparative chemosensation from receptors to ecology, Nature, 444, 295–301, 2006.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lamb, S. and Davis, P.: Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes, Nature, 425, 792–797, 2003.

A journal article with 3 authors

Appelbaum, I., Huang, B., and Monsma, D. J.: Electronic measurement and control of spin transport in silicon, Nature, 447, 295–298, 2007.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Waldron, K. J., Rutherford, J. C., Ford, D., and Robinson, N. J.: Metalloproteins and metal sensing, Nature, 460, 823–830, 2009.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hase, Y.: Handbook of Power Systems Engineering with Power Electronics Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2012.

An edited book

Sagheb Talebi, K.: Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future, edited by: Sajedi, T. and Pourhashemi, M., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, VIII, 152 p. 86 illus., 55 illus. in color pp., 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Zarghami, M. and Szidarovszky, F.: Social Choice Methods, in: Multicriteria Analysis: Applications to Water and Environment Management, edited by: Szidarovszky, F., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 77–93, 2011.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences.

Blog post

Over And Over Again, The Military Has Conducted Dangerous Biowarfare Experiments On Americans: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/the-military-has-conducted-dangerous-biowarfare-experiments-on-americans/, last access: 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: NASA Procurement: Improving Oversight of Construction Projects at the Langley Research Center, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Borgman, G. A.: Loneliness and the Hermitic Psyche, Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rothenberg, B.: Bringing to Light a Seminal Figure, New York Times, 26th August, SP4, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bargmann, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Bargmann, 2006; Lamb and Davis, 2003).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lamb and Davis, 2003)
Three or more authors: (Waldron et al., 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Abbreviation	Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1561-8633
ISSN (online)	1684-9981
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences

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