How to format your references using the Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

White, N.: Imaging black holes, Nature, 407, 146–147, 2000.

A journal article with 2 authors

Roll-Mecak, A. and Vale, R. D.: Structural basis of microtubule severing by the hereditary spastic paraplegia protein spastin, Nature, 451, 363–367, 2008.

A journal article with 3 authors

Baldini, G., Cannone, F., and Chirico, G.: Pre-unfolding resonant oscillations of single green fluorescent protein molecules, Science, 309, 1096–1100, 2005.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Holmström, M., Ekenbäck, A., Selsis, F., Penz, T., Lammer, H., and Wurz, P.: Energetic neutral atoms as the explanation for the high-velocity hydrogen around HD 209458b, Nature, 451, 970–972, 2008.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hellesland, J., Challamel, N., Casandjian, C., and Lanos, C.: Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ USA, 2013.

An edited book

Pihlström, S.: Kantian Antitheodicy: Philosophical and Literary Varieties, edited by: Kivistö, S., Springer International Publishing, Cham, IX, 320 p pp., 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

de Alfaro, L., da Silva, L. D., Faella, M., Legay, A., Roy, P., and Sorea, M.: Sociable Interfaces, in: Frontiers of Combining Systems: 5th International Workshop, FroCoS 2005, Vienna, Austria, September 19-21, 2005. Proceedings, edited by: Gramlich, B., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 81–105, 2005.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences.

Blog post

World’s Oldest Orca Returns To Washington State Coast In “High Spirits”: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/worlds-oldest-orca-returns-to-washington-state-coast-in-high-spirits/, last access: 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Aviation Safety: Airlines Should Check Pilot Applicants’ Safety History, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Smith, C. A.: Teacher and Student Perceptions of Bullying at Leclaire School, Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G.: Rain and Rest Days Spell the End Of Super Saturday, New York Times, 9th September, SP10, 2012.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (White, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Roll-Mecak and Vale, 2008; White, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Roll-Mecak and Vale, 2008)
Three or more authors: (Holmström et al., 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Abbreviation	Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1561-8633
ISSN (online)	1684-9981
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences