How to format your references using the Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smoot, G. F.: Thinking in aeons, Nature, 467, S12, 2010.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ong, N. P. and Cava, R. J.: Physics. Electronic frustration on a triangular lattice, Science, 305, 52–53, 2004.

A journal article with 3 authors

Irwin, D. E., Bensch, S., and Price, T. D.: Speciation in a ring, Nature, 409, 333–337, 2001.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Choi, S. H., Ko, Y. N., Lee, J.-K., and Kang, Y. C.: Rapid continuous synthesis of spherical reduced graphene ball-nickel oxide composite for lithium ion batteries, Sci. Rep., 4, 5786, 2014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Degner, R. and Leibl, S.: pH messen, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, FRG, 2005.

An edited book

Feld, L. G. and Kaskel, F. J. (Eds.): Fluid and Electrolytes in Pediatrics: A Comprehensive Handbook, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, XVIII, 412 p pp., 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

Sabouri, V. and Femenías, P.: Two Case Studies in Energy Efficient Renovation of Multi-family Housing; Explaining Robustness as a Characteristic to Assess Long-Term Sustainability, in: Sustainability in Energy and Buildings: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference in Sustainability in Energy and Buildings (SEB´12), edited by: Hakansson, A., Höjer, M., Howlett, R. J., and Jain, L. C., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 45–57, 2013.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences.

Blog post

Are Vaccines Making Viruses More Dangerous? https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/are-vaccines-making-viruses-more-dangerous/, last access: 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Customs Service Modernization: ACE Poses Risks and Challenges, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lu, W.-Y.: The performance practice of Buddhist baiqi in contemporary Taiwan, Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, D.: Starting Out in the ’70s, New York Times, 6th November, BR17, 2011.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smoot, 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Ong and Cava, 2004; Smoot, 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ong and Cava, 2004)
Three or more authors: (Choi et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
Abbreviation	Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1561-8633
ISSN (online)	1684-9981
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences