How to format your references using the mSphere citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for mSphere. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P. 2004. Baywatch: San Francisco. Nature 427:658–659.

A journal article with 2 authors

Knaden M, Hansson BS. 2013. Neuroscience. Specialized but flexible. Science 339:151–152.

A journal article with 3 authors

Fedorov AV, Brierley CM, Emanuel K. 2010. Tropical cyclones and permanent El Niño in the early Pliocene epoch. Nature 463:1066–1070.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Eschner J, Raab C, Schmidt-Kaler F, Blatt R. 2001. Light interference from single atoms and their mirror images. Nature 413:495–498.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Beckers B, Beckers P. 2014. Reconciliation of Geometry and Perception in Radiation Physics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

2009. Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

A chapter in an edited book

Bouchelouche K, Bouchelouche P. 2013. Mast Cell and Bladder Pain Syndrome, p. 71–86. In Nordling, J, Wyndaele, JJ, Merwe, JP van de, Bouchelouche, P, Cervigni, M, Fall, M (eds.), Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Guide for Clinicians. Springer US, Boston, MA.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for mSphere.

Blog post

Hamilton K. 2017. Watch Live As A Giraffe Gives Birth On Camera. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/watch-live-as-a-giraffe-gives-birth-on-camera/. Retrieved 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2009. Effect of Personnel Reform on the Federal Aviation Administration’s Budget. GAO-09-645R. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hudson N. 2017. Undocumented Latino Student Activists’ Funds of Knowledge: Transforming Social Movements. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University, Washington, DC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gorman J. 2016. Size Matters: Secrets of the Orchid Mantis. New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1, 2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	mSphere
Abbreviation	mSphere
ISSN (online)	2379-5042
Scope