How to format your references using the Medical Hypotheses citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Medical Hypotheses. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Benton MJ. The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time. Science 2009;323:728–32.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Florence TJ, Reiser MB. Neuroscience: hot on the trail of temperature processing. Nature 2015;519:296–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Wyckoff GJ, Wang W, Wu CI. Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man. Nature 2000;403:304–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Nakatani K, Ishikawa H, Aono S, Mizutani Y. Identification of essential histidine residues involved in heme binding and Hemozoin formation in heme detoxification protein from Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2014;4:6137.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Federer WT, King F. Variations on Split Plot and Split Block Experiment Designs: Federer/Variations on Split Plot and Split Block Experiment Designs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007.

An edited book

[1]

Raman M. Probiotics and Bioactive Carbohydrates in Colon Cancer Management. New Delhi: Springer India; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Simsa J, Bryant R, Gibson G, Hickey J. Scalable Dynamic Partial Order Reduction. In: Qadeer S, Tasiran S, editors. Runtime Verification: Third International Conference, RV 2012, Istanbul, Turkey, September 25-28, 2012, Revised Selected Papers, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013, p. 19–34.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Medical Hypotheses.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Company That Upped Drug Price By 5,000% Reports $14.6 Million Loss In Three Months. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/company-upped-aids-drug-5000-reports-146-million-loss-3-months/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. GAO ADP Data Lines: Issue No. 4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1983.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Darnell C. Sharecropping in Higher Education: Case Study of the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University - Florida State University Joint College of Engineering. Doctoral dissertation. Indiana University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Tackett M. Virginia Election May Hinge on Immigrants. Will They Vote? New York Times 2017:A17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Medical Hypotheses
Abbreviation	Med. Hypotheses
ISSN (print)	0306-9877
Scope	General Medicine

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