How to format your references using the Medical Hypotheses citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Medical Hypotheses. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Nienow P. Geoscience: The plumbing of Greenland’s ice. Nature 2014;514:38–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Mitra PP, Stark JB. Nonlinear limits to the information capacity of optical fibre communications. Nature 2001;411:1027–30.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Trainor PA, Ariza-McNaughton L, Krumlauf R. Role of the isthmus and FGFs in resolving the paradox of neural crest plasticity and prepatterning. Science 2002;295:1288–91.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Tsukazaki A, Ohtomo A, Kita T, Ohno Y, Ohno H, Kawasaki M. Quantum Hall effect in polar oxide heterostructures. Science 2007;315:1388–91.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Morvillo N. Science and Religion. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Rosenberg E. The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiota. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Ogawa T, Kanosue K. Training Locomotor Function: From a Perspective of the Underlying Neural Mechanisms. In: Kanosue K, Nagami T, Tsuchiya J, editors. Sports Performance, Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2015, p. 49–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Medical Hypotheses.

Blog post

[1]

Fang J. New Horizons Phoned Home! IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Content Analysis: A Methodology for Structuring and Analyzing Written Material--Transfer Paper 10.1.3. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Ariani D. Amerindo International Nurse Recruitment Agency. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Liogier R. France’s neither-nor election. New York Times 2017:0.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Medical Hypotheses
Abbreviation	Med. Hypotheses
ISSN (print)	0306-9877
Scope	General Medicine