How to format your references using the Medical Hypotheses citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Medical Hypotheses. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Smaglik P. Scientific personalities. Nature 2005;433:177.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Prokopenko M, Lizier JT. Transfer entropy and transient limits of computation. Sci Rep 2014;4:5394.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Martill DM, Tischlinger H, Longrich NR. EVOLUTION. A four-legged snake from the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana. Science 2015;349:416–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Chabrière E, Vernède X, Guigliarelli B, Charon MH, Hatchikian EC, Fontecilla-Camps JC. Crystal structure of the free radical intermediate of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Science 2001;294:2559–63.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Henriksen RN. Scale Invariance. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Gorodetsky V, Kotenko I, Skormin V, editors. Computer Network Security: Third International Workshop on Mathematical Methods, Models, and Architectures for Computer Network Security, MMM-ACNS 2005, St. Petersburg, Russia, September 24-28, 2005. Proceedings. vol. 3685. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Deng L, Chen Q, Zhang Y. Developing EFL Learners’ Generic Competence in Professional Translation: A Genre-Based Approach. In: Chen Q, Zhang Y, editors. Developing Chinese EFL Learners’ Generic Competence: A Genre-based & Process Genre Approach, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014, p. 51–101.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Medical Hypotheses.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew D. 15 Relationship Facts Everybody Should Know Before Getting Married. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/15-relationship-facts-everybody-should-know-before-getting-married/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Small Business Administration: Better Planning and Controls Needed for Information Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Nersessian N. Modified gravity with scale invariance and implications. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Casey N, MacKENNA E. Doomed Jet’s Pilot Said to Have Reported ‘Fuel Emergency.’ New York Times 2016:A10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Medical Hypotheses
Abbreviation	Med. Hypotheses
ISSN (print)	0306-9877
Scope	General Medicine