How to format your references using the Liverpool Law Review citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liverpool Law Review. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fujishima, Akira. 2003. Comment on “efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2” (I). Science (New York, N.Y.) 301: 1673; discussion 1673.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rydelek, Paul A., and Martitia Tuttle. 2004. Explosive craters and soil liquefaction. Nature 427: 115–116.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dorman, Stephanie N., Coby Viner, and Peter K. Rogan. 2014. Splicing mutation analysis reveals previously unrecognized pathways in lymph node-invasive breast cancer. Scientific reports 4: 7063.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Xie, Wen, Litao Guo, Xiaoguo Jiao, Nina Yang, Xin Yang, Qingjun Wu, Shaoli Wang, Xuguo Zhou, and Youjun Zhang. 2014. Transcriptomic dissection of sexual differences in Bemisia tabaci, an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Scientific reports 4: 4088.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Subramanian, Muralisrinivasan Natamai. 2017. Polymer Blends and Composites. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

König, Andreas, Andreas Dengel, Knut Hinkelmann, Koichi Kise, Robert J. Howlett, and Lakhmi C. Jain, ed. 2011. Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems: 15th International Conference, KES 2011, Kaiserslautern, Germany, September 12-14, 2011, Proceedings, Part III. Vol. 6883. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Zhang, Zhongwen. 2015. Before Unrooting your Android Phone, Patching up Permission System First! In Information Security Applications: 15th International Workshop, WISA 2014, Jeju Island, Korea, August 25-27, 2014. Revised Selected Papers, ed. Kyung-Hyune Rhee and Jeong Hyun Yi, 41–54. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liverpool Law Review.

Blog post

Carpineti, Alfredo. 2017. A Supernova 50 Light-Years Away Could Start A Mass Extinction. IFLScience. IFLScience. May 15.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1991. Air Traffic Control: FAA’s Advanced Automation System Contract. IMTEC-91-25. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Slade, Michael Ross. 2008. The adaptive nature of organizational silence: A cybernetic exploration of the hidden factory. Doctoral dissertation, Washington, DC: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow, Linda. 2006. The Power of the Adolescent Pen. New York Times, March 26.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Fujishima 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Fujishima 2003; Rydelek and Tuttle 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rydelek and Tuttle 2004)
Three or more authors: (Xie et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Liverpool Law Review
Abbreviation	Liverp. Law Rev.
ISSN (print)	0144-932X
ISSN (online)	1572-8625
Scope	Law