How to format your references using the Liver International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liver International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Piattelli-Palmarini M. Grammar: the barest essentials. Nature. 2002;416:129.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Wellik DM, Capecchi MR. Hox10 and Hox11 genes are required to globally pattern the mammalian skeleton. Science. 2003;301:363–367.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Mungall JE, Ames DE, Hanley JJ. Geochemical evidence from the Sudbury structure for crustal redistribution by large bolide impacts. Nature. 2004;429:546–548.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Leinekugel X, Khazipov R, Cannon R, Hirase H, Ben-Ari Y, Buzsáki G. Correlated bursts of activity in the neonatal hippocampus in vivo. Science. 2002;296:2049–2052.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Silk RD, Lintott JW. Managing Foundations and Charitable Trusts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

1. Sommaruga G, ed. Formal Theories of Information: From Shannon to Semantic Information Theory and General Concepts of Information. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

1. An G, Kim K. Real-Time IP Checking and Packet Marking for Preventing ND-DoS Attack Employing Fake Source IP in IPv6 LAN. In: Rong C, Jaatun MG, Sandnes FE, Yang LT, Ma J, eds. Autonomic and Trusted Computing: 5th International Conference, ATC 2008, Oslo, Norway, June 23-25, 2008 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 36–46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liver International.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. Animals Know When They Are Being Treated Unfairly (And They Don’t Like It). IFLScience. 2017.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Airport Finance: Using Airport Grant Funds for Security Projects Has Affected Some Development Projects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2002.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Ortiz Martinez B. Diabetes among older Latino adults. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kulish N, Clark N. Warning Signs in the Mind of a Pilot Determined to Die. New York Times. 2015;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Liver International
Abbreviation	Liver Int.
ISSN (print)	1478-3223
ISSN (online)	1478-3231
Scope	Hepatology

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