How to format your references using the Liver International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liver International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Yewdell JW. Immunology. Hide and seek in the peptidome. Science. 2003;301:1334–1335.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Perera RM, Bardeesy N. Cancer: when antioxidants are bad. Nature. 2011;475:43–44.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Rieping W, Habeck M, Nilges M. Inferential structure determination. Science. 2005;309:303–306.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Hu L, Zhang Y, Hong M, et al. Phylogenetic evidence for multiple intertypic recombinations in enterovirus B81 strains isolated in Tibet, China. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6035.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Renaud B, Kim K-H, Cho M. Dynamics of Housing in East Asia. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

1. Ye J, Cundiff ST, eds. Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation, and Applications. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Hornung V, Barchet W, Schlee M, Hartmann G. RNA Recognition via TLR7 and TLR8. In: Bauer S, Hartmann G, eds. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and Innate Immunity. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 71–86.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liver International.

Blog post

1. Andrew D. How To Make Rainbow-Colored Flames. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/diy-rainbow-colored-flames/. Accessed October 30, 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Biotechnology: Processing Delays Continue for Growing Backlog of Patent Applications. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Tabone B. Knowledge and awareness of the Female Athlete Triad among female collegiate athletes at California State University, Long Beach. 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Barron J. In East Hampton, an Airport Is Viewed as a Roaring, Round-the-Clock Nuisance. New York Times. 2017;A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Liver International
Abbreviation	Liver Int.
ISSN (print)	1478-3223
ISSN (online)	1478-3231
Scope	Hepatology