How to format your references using the Liquid Crystals citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liquid Crystals. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Goldston D. Mean what you say. Nature. 2009;458(7238):563.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Blau WJ, Fleming AJ. Materials science. Designer nanotubes by molecular self-assembly. Science. 2004;304(5676):1457–1458.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Román-Leshkov Y, Chheda JN, Dumesic JA. Phase modifiers promote efficient production of hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose. Science. 2006;312(5782):1933–1937.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Tripati A, Backman J, Elderfield H, et al. Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes. Nature. 2005;436(7049):341–346.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Pashley RM, Karaman ME. Applied Colloid and Surface Chemistry. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Iliadis L, Jayne C, editors. Engineering Applications of Neural Networks: 16th International Conference, EANN 2015, Rhodes, Greece, September 25-28 2015.Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Ploussard G, Hoznek A, Salomon L, et al. Retroperitoneoscopic Simple and Radical Nephrectomy. In: Joseph JV, Patel HRH, editors. Retroperitoneal Robotic and Laparoscopic Surgery: The Extraperitoneal Approach. London: Springer; 2011. p. 49–59.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liquid Crystals.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Scientists Finally Unlock The Secrets Behind Superconductivity. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Standards and Technology: Impact of Fee Increases on Measurement Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989. Report No.: RCED-89-135. .

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Gonzales M. Examining institutional career preparation: Student perceptions of their workplace readiness and the role of the university in student career development [Doctoral dissertation]. [Malibu, CA]: Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Dynarski S. Why Small Student Debt Can Mean Big Problems. New York Times. 2015 Aug 31;A3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Liquid Crystals
Abbreviation	Liq. Cryst.
ISSN (print)	0267-8292
ISSN (online)	1366-5855
Scope	General Chemistry General Materials Science Condensed Matter Physics