How to format your references using the Liquid Crystals citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Liquid Crystals. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Dalvit DAR. Quantum physics: shaking photons out of the vacuum. Nature. 2011;479:303–304.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Tilman D, Isbell F. Biodiversity: Recovery as nitrogen declines. Nature. 2015;528:336–337.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Falck J, Coates J, Jackson SP. Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage. Nature. 2005;434:605–611.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Katra I, Arotsker L, Krasnov H, et al. Richness and diversity in dust stormborne biomes at the southeast mediterranean. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5265.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Silk RD, Lintott JW. Managing Foundations and Charitable Trusts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

[1]

Uslar M. Standardization in Smart Grids: Introduction to IT-Related Methodologies, Architectures and Standards. Specht M, Dänekas C, Trefke J, et al., editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Musselin C. Universities and Pricing on Higher Education Markets. In: Mattheou D, editor. Changing Educational Landscapes: Educational Policies, Schooling Systems and Higher Education - a comparative perspective. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010. p. 75–90.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Liquid Crystals.

Blog post

[1]

Davis J. Oxygen Levels In The Ocean Have Dropped Due To Climate Change [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/oxygen-levels-in-the-ocean-have-dropped-due-to-climate-change/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Relationship of Contractor and Grantee ADP Activities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1971. Report No.: 092981. .

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Loden MR. The rhetorical elephant in the room: How three political action committees are strategically [re]defining the U.S. Republican Party [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Stewart JB. In Ruling on Insider Trading, A Court Restores Rationality. New York Times. 2017 Sep 14;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Liquid Crystals
Abbreviation	Liq. Cryst.
ISSN (print)	0267-8292
ISSN (online)	1366-5855
Scope	General Chemistry General Materials Science Condensed Matter Physics