How to format your references using the Lingua citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lingua. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kaiser, J., 2000. ECOLOGY: When Do Many Species Matter? Science 289, 1283.

A journal article with 2 authors

Greenberger, M.D., Vogelstein, R., 2005. Public health. Pharmacist refusals: a threat to women’s health. Science 308, 1557–1558.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lammert, E., Cleaver, O., Melton, D., 2001. Induction of pancreatic differentiation by signals from blood vessels. Science 294, 564–567.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Morales-Sánchez, A., Molina-Muñoz, T., Martínez-López, J.L.E., Hernández-Sancén, P., Mantilla, A., Leal, Y.A., Torres, J., Fuentes-Pananá, E.M., 2013. No association between Epstein-Barr Virus and Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus with breast cancer in Mexican women. Sci. Rep. 3, 2970.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Tran, J., 2010. The Vietnam War and Theologies of Memory. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

An edited book

Deng, Z., Li, H. (Eds.), 2015. Proceedings of the 2015 Chinese Intelligent Automation Conference: Intelligent Automation, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Abidi, K., Xu, J.-X., 2015. Discrete-Time Iterative Learning Control, in: Xu, J.-X. (Ed.), Advanced Discrete-Time Control: Designs and Applications, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Springer, Singapore, pp. 109–144.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lingua.

Blog post

Andrews, R., 2017. These US Military Drones Can Swarm Together Using A Hive Mind [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2010. Joint Strike Fighter: Significant Challenges and Decisions Ahead (No. GAO-10-478T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Schey, K.A., 2010. A paradigm for historical and biographical research in support of living history programming at Rancho Los Cerritos Historic Site (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon, M., 2012. Game Time Is Adjusted; Jewish School Will Play. New York Times B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kaiser, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Greenberger and Vogelstein, 2005; Kaiser, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Greenberger and Vogelstein, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Morales-Sánchez et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lingua
Abbreviation	Lingua
ISSN (print)	0024-3841
Scope	Language and Linguistics Linguistics and Language