How to format your references using the Lingua citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Lingua. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Powell, K., 2004. Stipend survival. Nature 428, 102–103.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rampino, M.R., Caldeira, K., 2011. Comment on “Atmospheric PCO₂ perturbations associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province.” Science 334, 594; author reply 594.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wyckoff, G.J., Wang, W., Wu, C.I., 2000. Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man. Nature 403, 304–309.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Gupta, P., Dongare, P.D., Grover, S., Dubey, S., Mamgain, H., Bhattacharya, A., Deshmukh, M.M., 2014. A facile process for soak-and-peel delamination of CVD graphene from substrates using water. Sci. Rep. 4, 3882.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chandler, C., 2010. The Science of ADHD. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

An edited book

Nguyen, H.H.P., Cenci, M.A. (Eds.), 2015. Behavioral Neurobiology of Huntington’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease, Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Parikh, R., 2009. Knowledge, Games and Tales from the East, in: Ramanujam, R., Sarukkai, S. (Eds.), Logic and Its Applications: Third Indian Conference, ICLA 2009, Chennai, India, January 7-11, 2009. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 65–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Lingua.

Blog post

Hale, T., 2016. This Is Why You Should Always Keep Your Distance From Large Animals [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/this-is-why-you-should-always-keep-your-distance-from-large-animals/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2016. Polar Satellites: NOAA Faces Challenges and Uncertainties that Could Affect the Availability of Critical Weather Data (No. GAO-16-773T). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cummins, K., 2015. A Mixed Methods Study on The Leader in Me Process: How Does Fostering Student Leadership Capacity Influence Behavior, Efficacy, and Achievement? (Doctoral dissertation). University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, C., 2011. Writer’s Body Is Weaker, But Voice Remains Strong. New York Times A29B.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Powell, 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Powell, 2004; Rampino and Caldeira, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Rampino and Caldeira, 2011)
Three or more authors: (Gupta et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Lingua
Abbreviation	Lingua
ISSN (print)	0024-3841
Scope	Language and Linguistics Linguistics and Language