How to format your references using the Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jones, D.T.: Structural biology. Learning to speak the language of proteins. Science. 302, 1347–1348 (2003)

A journal article with 2 authors

Remondes, M., Schuman, E.M.: Direct cortical input modulates plasticity and spiking in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Nature. 416, 736–740 (2002)

A journal article with 3 authors

Akbarzadeh, A., Qiu, C.-W., Danner, A.J.: Exploiting design freedom in biaxial dielectrics to enable spatially overlapping optical instruments. Sci. Rep. 3, 2055 (2013)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Coskun, U.C., Wei, T.-C., Vishveshwara, S., Goldbart, P.M., Bezryadin, A.: h/e magnetic flux modulation of the energy gap in nanotube quantum dots. Science. 304, 1132–1134 (2004)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Segura, J., Hawkins, C.F.: CMOS Electronics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2005)

An edited book

Kletti, J. ed: Manufacturing Execution Systems — MES. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2007)

A chapter in an edited book

Alwi, H., Edwards, C., Tan, C.P.: Sliding Mode Observers for Fault Detection. In: Edwards, C. and Pin Tan, C. (eds.) Fault Detection and Fault-Tolerant Control Using Sliding Modes. pp. 53–98. Springer, London (2011)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences.

Blog post

Andrews, R.: Volcanic Eruptions On Mars Used To Explode Through Ancient Ice Sheets, https://www.iflscience.com/space/volcanic-eruptions-mars-used-explode-through-ancient-ice-sheets/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: General Aviation: Status of the Industry, Related Infrastructure, and Safety Issues. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (2001)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Fountain, J.M.: Differences in Generational Work Values in America and Their Implications for Educational Leadership: A Longitudinal Test of Twenge’s Model, (2014)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Fuller, T., Wines, M.: Some States Take Politics Out of District Maps (No Supreme Court Required), (2017)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Jones 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Jones 2003; Remondes and Schuman 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Remondes and Schuman 2002)
Three or more authors: (Coskun et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences
Abbreviation	Lett. Spat. Resour. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1864-4031
ISSN (online)	1864-404X
Scope	Economics and Econometrics Geography, Planning and Development Demography Urban Studies