How to format your references using the Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Levine, M.: Retrospective. Walter Gehring (1939-2014). Science. 345, 277 (2014)

A journal article with 2 authors

Galant, R., Carroll, S.B.: Evolution of a transcriptional repression domain in an insect Hox protein. Nature. 415, 910–913 (2002)

A journal article with 3 authors

Dong, J., Yang, G., McHaourab, H.S.: Structural basis of energy transduction in the transport cycle of MsbA. Science. 308, 1023–1028 (2005)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Pan, H., Yan, B.-S., Rojas, M., Shebzukhov, Y.V., Zhou, H., Kobzik, L., Higgins, D.E., Daly, M.J., Bloom, B.R., Kramnik, I.: Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis. Nature. 434, 767–772 (2005)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kaschke, M., Donnerhacke, K.-H., Rill, M.S.: Optical Devices in Ophthalmology and Optometry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2014)

An edited book

Richt, J.A., Webby, R.J. eds: Swine Influenza. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2013)

A chapter in an edited book

Dudler, A., Weiß, K.: Interlocking gear wheels – from training to practice in various professional fields. In: Krall, H., Fürst, J., and Fontaine, P. (eds.) Supervision in Psychodrama: Experiential Learning in Psychotherapy and Training. pp. 57–72. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden (2012)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences.

Blog post

Davis, J.: Why One Scientist Killed A Bird That Hadn’t Been Seen For Half A Century, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/collection-specimens-scientific-study-still-necessary/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Reports Issued in June 1988. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1988)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Alajmi, H.: Pre-Islamic Poetry and Speech Act Theory: Al-A`shá, Bishr ibn Abī Khāzim, and al-Hujayjah, (2012)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, M.: For Perot, a Time of Need, (1992)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Levine 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Galant and Carroll 2002; Levine 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Galant and Carroll 2002)
Three or more authors: (Pan et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences
Abbreviation	Lett. Spat. Resour. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1864-4031
ISSN (online)	1864-404X
Scope	Economics and Econometrics Geography, Planning and Development Demography Urban Studies