How to format your references using the Journal of Shipping and Trade citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Shipping and Trade. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Porter SM (2007) Seawater chemistry and early carbonate biomineralization. Science 316:1302

A journal article with 2 authors

Solozhenko VL, Kurakevych OO (2013) Equilibrium p-T phase diagram of boron: experimental study and thermodynamic analysis. Sci Rep 3:2351

A journal article with 3 authors

Hu F, Luo W, Hong M (2010) Mechanisms of proton conduction and gating in influenza M2 proton channels from solid-state NMR. Science 330:505–508

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Holgate S, Jevrejeva S, Woodworth P, Brewer S (2007) Comment on “A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise.” Science 317:1866; author reply 1866

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kenett RS, Zacks S, Amberti D (2013) Modern Industrial Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Meloy JM (ed) (2012) Twenty-first Century Learning by Doing. SensePublishers, Rotterdam

A chapter in an edited book

Reddy N, Yang Y (2015) Fibers from Cotton Stalks. In: Yang Y (ed) Innovative Biofibers from Renewable Resources. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 13–14

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Shipping and Trade.

Blog post

Fang J (2015) This Guy Just Raised The Cost Of An HIV Drug By 5000%. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/price-parasite-fighting-drug-jumps-1350-750-pill/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2016) Management Agenda for the Presidential and Congressional Transition: Improve Federal Performance to Better Achieve Results. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bavkar IN (2017) In-Node Vehicle Classification and Identification. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB (2017) Twilight of the Guru. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Porter 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Porter 2007; Solozhenko and Kurakevych 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Solozhenko and Kurakevych 2013)
Three or more authors: (Holgate et al. 2007)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Shipping and Trade
Abbreviation	J. Shipp. Trade
ISSN (online)	2364-4575
Scope