How to format your references using the Journal of Shipping and Trade citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Shipping and Trade. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bromirski PD (2009) Geophysics. Earth vibrations. Science 324:1026–1027

A journal article with 2 authors

Mühlenbruch B, Jochimsen MA (2013) Research policy: Only wholesale reform will bring equality. Nature 495:40–42

A journal article with 3 authors

Mace KA, Pearson JC, McGinnis W (2005) An epidermal barrier wound repair pathway in Drosophila is mediated by grainy head. Science 308:381–385

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Dandonneau Y, Vega A, Loisel H, et al (2003) Oceanic Rossby waves acting as a “hay rake” for ecosystem floating by-products. Science 302:1548–1551

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

von Eye A, Mun E-Y (2012) Log-Linear Modeling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Bartolini Bussi MG (2006) Macchine matematiche: dalla storia alla scuola. Springer, Milano

A chapter in an edited book

Liu R, Zhang H, Yang Z (2013) How Does a Researcher Become an Entrepreneur in the High-Tech Industrial Cluster? A Case Study. In: Ferreira JJM, Raposo M, Rutten R, Varga A (eds) Cooperation, Clusters, and Knowledge Transfer: Universities and Firms Towards Regional Competitiveness. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 59–80

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Shipping and Trade.

Blog post

Andrew E (2014) Two Ancient Maya Cities Unearthed In Mexican Jungle. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1976) Comments on Federal Payments to the Adelanto School District, California. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sindel J (2013) Vulnerability towards disordered eating in students registered in general education nutrition classes. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

CHARKES; Mary Jo J, Reporting LSC (2009) A Spring Surprise: Openings in Preschools. New York Times WE1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bromirski 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Bromirski 2009; Mühlenbruch and Jochimsen 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Mühlenbruch and Jochimsen 2013)
Three or more authors: (Dandonneau et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Shipping and Trade
Abbreviation	J. Shipp. Trade
ISSN (online)	2364-4575
Scope