How to format your references using the Journal of Postgraduate Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lamb S. Walking with producers. Nature 2001;412(6844):277.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lee WY, Sine SM. Principal pathway coupling agonist binding to channel gating in nicotinic receptors. Nature 2005;438(7065):243–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Castro-Camus E, Palomar M, Covarrubias AA. Leaf water dynamics of Arabidopsis thaliana monitored in-vivo using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2013;3:2910.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Yeung N, Lin YW, Gao YG, Zhao X, Russell BS, Lei L, et al. Rational design of a structural and functional nitric oxide reductase. Nature 2009;462(7276):1079–82.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ytterdal T, Cheng Y, Fjeldly TA. Device Modeling for Analog and RF CMOS Circuit Design. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2003.

An edited book

Boehm T, Takahama Y, editors. Thymic Development and Selection of T Lymphocytes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Borges V, Jeberson W. Fuzzy kNN Adaptation to Learning by Example in Activity Recognition Modeling. In: Nagar A, Mohapatra DP, Chaki N, editors. Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computing, Networking and Informatics: ICACNI 2015, Volume 1. New Delhi: Springer India; 2016. page 29–36.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Postgraduate Medicine.

Blog post

Hamilton K. The Maths Behind “Impossible’ Never-Repeating Patterns [Internet]. IFLScience2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/the-maths-behind-impossible-never-repeating-patterns/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children: Federal Support for Developing Language and Literacy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Friedman DE. Characterization of Organic Matter in Suspended Sediments Via Pyrolysis and Oxidation. 2017;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

McKINLEY JC Jr. No More Tea With Caligula. New York Times2017;C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference ^[1].
This sentence cites two references ^[1,2].
This sentence cites four references ^[1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
Abbreviation	J. Postgrad. Med.
ISSN (print)	0022-3859
ISSN (online)	0972-2823
Scope	General Medicine