How to format your references using the Journal of Musculoskeletal Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Musculoskeletal Research (JMR). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Popov VL. Analytic solution for the limiting shape of profiles due to fretting wear. Sci Rep 4:3749, 2014.

A journal article with 2 authors

Matzke M, Matzke AJM. RNAi extends its reach. Science 301(5636):1060–1061, 2003.

A journal article with 3 authors

Horsewill AJ, Jones NH, Caciuffo R. Evidence for coherent proton tunneling in a hydrogen bond network. Science 291(5501):100–103, 2001.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Bakal C, Aach J, Church G, Perrimon N. Quantitative morphological signatures define local signaling networks regulating cell morphology. Science 316(5832):1753–1756, 2007.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ferguson N, Schneier B, Kohno T. Cryptography Engineering. Indianapolis, Indiana, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2015.

An edited book

Polymer Membranes/Biomembranes, Vol. 224. Vol. 224 Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

Hu B, Raidl GR. Effective Neighborhood Structures for the Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem. In: Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization: 8th European Conference, EvoCOP 2008, Naples, Italy, March 26-28, 2008. Proceedings, edited by Hemert J van, Cotta C, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 36–47, 2008.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Musculoskeletal Research.

Blog post

Andrew E. Why is the Universe Accelerating? IFLScience, (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Mass Transit: FTA’s Projections Could Better Reflect State and Local Needs. 1993.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Novak TS. Vital Signs of U.S. Osteopathic Medical Residency Programs Pivoting to Single Accreditation Standards. Tampa, FL, University of South Florida, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly C. Good Customers, Bad Bill Payers. New York Times, 2009.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Musculoskeletal Research
ISSN (print)	0218-9577
ISSN (online)	1793-6497
Scope