How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Moltz JC. Technology: Asia’s space race. Nature 2011;480:171–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Casasanto D, Gordon P. Crying “Whorf.” Science 2005;307:1721–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Lutz W, Cuaresma JC, Sanderson W. Economics. The demography of educational attainment and economic growth. Science 2008;319:1047–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Ertekin-Taner N, Graff-Radford N, Younkin LH, Eckman C, Baker M, Adamson J, et al. Linkage of plasma Abeta42 to a quantitative locus on chromosome 10 in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease pedigrees. Science 2000;290:2303–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Renaud B, Kim K-H, Cho M. Dynamics of Housing in East Asia. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

[1]

Wanninger A, editor. Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 1: Introduction, Non-Bilateria, Acoelomorpha, Xenoturbellida, Chaetognatha. 1st ed. 2015. Vienna: Springer; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

On behalf of the membership of RILEM TC 219-ACS, Nixon PJ, Sims I. RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-2—Detection of Potential Alkali-Reactivity—Accelerated Mortar-Bar Test Method for Aggregates. In: Nixon PJ, Sims I, editors. RILEM Recommendations for the Prevention of Damage by Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in New Concrete Structures: State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 219-ACS, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2016, p. 61–77.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Watch The ISS Fly Over Spectacular Aurora. IFLScience 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Highway Contracting: Disadvantaged Business Eligibility Guidance and Oversight Are Ineffective. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Haug JJ. A summer literacy intervention for struggling readers at the middle school level using strategies in comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, and positive school climate to improve reading comprehension: An evaluation study. Doctoral dissertation. Lindenwood University, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Saslow L. SAILING. New York Times 2008:LI8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0895-4356
Scope	Epidemiology

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