How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Selkoe DJ. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Science 2012;337:1488–92.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Dunham-Snary KJ, Ballinger SW. GENETICS. Mitochondrial-nuclear DNA mismatch matters. Science 2015;349:1449–50.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Rignot E, Rivera A, Casassa G. Contribution of the Patagonia Icefields of South America to sea level rise. Science 2003;302:434–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Ho CJH, Balasundaram G, Driessen W, McLaren R, Wong CL, Dinish US, et al. Multifunctional photosensitizer-based contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2014;4:5342.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

El-Haik B, Roy DM. Service Design for Six Sigma. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

[1]

Dapor M. Elaborazione dei dati sperimentali. Milano: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Bhat M, Pouliot M, Couture R, Vaucher E. The Kallikrein-Kinin System in Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Sharma JN, editor. Recent Developments in the Regulation of Kinins, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014, p. 111–43.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. How To Stop Whales Getting Entangled In Our Nets. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/right-way-stop-entangling-whales/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. ADP Systems: HCFA’s Failure to Follow Guidelines Makes Systems Effectiveness Uncertain. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Voma SK. Design of Power Management Circuit for Energy Harvesting Applications. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Garner D. 15 Minutes of Fame? Try 1,500 Years. New York Times 2014:MM40.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0895-4356
Scope	Epidemiology