How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Xu X. Enhanced trion emission from colloidal quantum dots with photonic crystals by two-photon excitation. Sci Rep 2013;3:3228.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Brei B, Fish D. Comment on “Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals.” Science 2003;300:55; author reply 55.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Kessler D, Gase K, Baldwin IT. Field experiments with transformed plants reveal the sense of floral scents. Science 2008;321:1200–2.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Kominis IK, Kornack TW, Allred JC, Romalis MV. A subfemtotesla multichannel atomic magnetometer. Nature 2003;422:596–9.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Hillis DR, Duvall JB. Improving Profitability through Green Manufacturing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Wang J, Xie X, editors. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Heart: From Bench to Bedside. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Jardetzky O, Finucane MD. Tandem Interactions in the trp Repressor System may Regulate Binding to Operator DNA. In: Puglisi J, editor. Structure and Biophysics – New Technologies for Current Challenges in Biology and Beyond, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2007, p. 49–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.

Blog post

[1]

Andrews R. Virtual Maze Test Predicts Likelihood Of Getting Alzheimer’s Disease. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/virtual-maze-test-predicts-likelihood-getting-alzheimers-disease/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Commercial Aviation: Impact of Airline Crew Scheduling on Delays and Cancellations of Commercial Flights. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Hurwitz BL. Viral community dynamics and functional specialization in the Pacific Ocean. Doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Sisario B. Migos Tops Chart With ‘Culture.’ New York Times 2017:C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0895-4356
Scope	Epidemiology