How to format your references using the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Dobson A. Epidemiology. Mathematical models for emerging disease. Science 2014;346:1294–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Shchukin D, Möhwald H. Materials science. A coat of many functions. Science 2013;341:1458–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Zhang P, Cohen RE, Haule K. Effects of electron correlations on transport properties of iron at Earth’s core conditions. Nature 2015;517:605–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Raghuraman MK, Winzeler EA, Collingwood D, Hunt S, Wodicka L, Conway A, et al. Replication dynamics of the yeast genome. Science 2001;294:115–21.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Millon T, Grossman S. Moderating Severe Personality Disorders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007.

An edited book

[1]

Jakeman AJ, Barreteau O, Hunt RJ, Rinaudo J-D, Ross A, editors. Integrated Groundwater Management: Concepts, Approaches and Challenges. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Hendler J, Mulvehill AM. What Computers Can’t Do–Yet. In: Mulvehill AM, editor. Social Machines: The Coming Collision of Artificial Intelligence, Social Networking, and Humanity, Berkeley, CA: Apress; 2016, p. 72–96.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.

Blog post

[1]

Taub B. Watch These Small-Brained Animals And Their Tiny Yawns In The Name Of Science. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/watch-these-smallbrained-animals-and-their-tiny-yawns-in-the-name-of-science/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Tax Systems Modernization: Actions Underway But IRS Has Not Yet Corrected Management and Technical Weaknesses. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Hernandez A. Impact of the Child and Family Services Improvement Act of 2006 on monthly caseworker visits to children in Los Angeles County on California’s foster care system. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

St. John Kelly E. At the Nation’s Table: Davenport, Calif.; A New-Age Juice Intended For Women. New York Times 1995:C4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Abbreviation	J. Clin. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0895-4356
Scope	Epidemiology