How to format your references using the International Journal of Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Boulton G (2012) Open your minds and share your results. Nature 486:441

A journal article with 2 authors

Alexandrakis G, Poulos SΕ (2014) An holistic approach to beach erosion vulnerability assessment. Sci Rep 4:6078

A journal article with 3 authors

Smith CE, Llorente B, Symington LS (2007) Template switching during break-induced replication. Nature 447:102–105

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Dai Z, Xu L, Duan G, et al (2013) Fast-response, sensitivitive and low-powered chemosensors by fusing nanostructured porous thin film and IDEs-microheater chip. Sci Rep 3:1669

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pelto M (2017) Recent Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Glaciers. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Lyte M (ed) (2016) Microbial Endocrinology: Interkingdom Signaling in Infectious Disease and Health, 2nd ed. 2016. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Domingos P, Lowd D, Kok S, et al (2010) Markov Logic: A Language and Algorithms for Link Mining. In: Yu PS, Han J, Faloutsos C (eds) Link Mining: Models, Algorithms, and Applications. Springer, New York, NY, pp 135–161

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Fang J (2015) BPA Alternative May Not Be Any Safer Than BPA for Embryonic Brain. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/bpa-alternative-may-not-be-any-safer-bpa-embryonic-brain/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1994) GSEs: Implications of Removing State and Local Tax Exemption. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Karas LL (2017) Information systems and technology leaders in merger and acquisition integrations. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner J (2016) Mets Move to Retain Cespedes and Walker. New York Times B8

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Boulton 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Boulton 2012; Alexandrakis and Poulos 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Alexandrakis and Poulos 2014)
Three or more authors: (Dai et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	Geol. Rundsch.
ISSN (print)	1437-3254
ISSN (online)	1437-3262
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences