How to format your references using the International Journal of Earth Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Earth Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Powell K (2004) Age is no barrier. Nature 432:40–42

A journal article with 2 authors

Vilotijevic I, Jamison TF (2007) Epoxide-opening cascades promoted by water. Science 317:1189–1192

A journal article with 3 authors

Girvetz EH, Jaeger JAG, Thorne JH (2007) Comment on “Roadless space of the conterminous United States.” Science 318:1240; author reply 1240

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Mees A, Klar T, Gnau P, et al (2004) Crystal structure of a photolyase bound to a CPD-like DNA lesion after in situ repair. Science 306:1789–1793

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Leis JW (2011) Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB for Students and Researchers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Winer JA, Schreiner CE (eds) (2005) The Inferior Colliculus. Springer, New York, NY

A chapter in an edited book

Xidonas P, Mavrotas G, Krintas T, et al (2012) Portfolio Optimization. In: Mavrotas G, Krintas T, Psarras J, Zopounidis C (eds) Multicriteria Portfolio Management. Springer, New York, NY, pp 57–83

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Earth Sciences.

Blog post

Davis J (2015) Dark Chocolate Could Offer Health Benefits. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/dark-chocolate-could-offer-health-benefits-if-messed/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1999) NATO: Progress Toward More Mobile and Deployable Forces. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Denno D (2010) Multiple paths to first grade: A comparison of child, parent, and early education variables associated with multiple year kindergarten experiences. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly C (2009) Boat Loss Hampers Upkeep at Castle. New York Times WE2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Powell 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Powell 2004; Vilotijevic and Jamison 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Vilotijevic and Jamison 2007)
Three or more authors: (Mees et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Earth Sciences
Abbreviation	Geol. Rundsch.
ISSN (print)	1437-3254
ISSN (online)	1437-3262
Scope	General Earth and Planetary Sciences