How to format your references using the International Journal of Approximate Reasoning citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Approximate Reasoning. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

S. Carroll, Insignificance, Nature 429 (2004) 27.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

P.P. Gunn, S.D. Joiner, Certificates should be strengthened, Science 323 (2009) 1289–90; author reply 1298-90.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

J.C. McElwain, J. Wade-Murphy, S.P. Hesselbo, Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals, Nature 435 (2005) 479–482.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

B.K. Arbic, D.R. Macayeal, J.X. Mitrovica, G.A. Milne, Palaeoclimate: ocean tides and Heinrich events, Nature 432 (2004) 460.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

T. Sato, D.M. Kammen, B. Duan, M. Macuha, Z. Zhou, J. Wu, M. Tariq, S.A. Asfaw, Smart Grid Standards, John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore, 2015.

An edited book

[1]

J.M. Corchado, J.F.D. Paz, M.P. Rocha, F. Fernández Riverola, eds., 2nd International Workshop on Practical Applications of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (IWPACBB 2008), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

T.M. Harwood, L. L’Abate, Online Support Groups and Therapy, in: L. L’Abate (Ed.), Self-Help in Mental Health: A Critical Review, Springer, New York, NY, 2010: pp. 79–99.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Approximate Reasoning.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Brains Can Make Decisions While We Sleep – Here They Are In Action, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Distance Education: Challenges for Minority Serving Institutions and Implications for Federal Education Policy, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

D.H. Britigan, Health information sources and health literacy levels of Latinos in a midwestern tri -state area, Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

L. Greenhouse, Supreme Court Turns Down Detainees’ Habeas Corpus Case, New York Times (2007) A18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Abbreviation	Int. J. Approx. Reason.
ISSN (print)	0888-613X
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Software Applied Mathematics Theoretical Computer Science