How to format your references using the IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

A. M. Ellison, “Political borders should not hamper wildlife,” Nature, vol. 508, no. 7494, p. 9, Apr. 2014.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

G. M. Henderson and N. C. Slowey, “Evidence from U-Th dating against Northern Hemisphere forcing of the penultimate deglaciation,” Nature, vol. 404, no. 6773, pp. 61–66, Mar. 2000.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

L. J. Goossen, G. Deng, and L. M. Levy, “Synthesis of biaryls via catalytic decarboxylative coupling,” Science, vol. 313, no. 5787, pp. 662–664, Aug. 2006.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

B. W. Zeff, B. Kleber, J. Fineberg, and D. P. Lathrop, “Singularity dynamics in curvature collapse and jet eruption on a fluid surface,” Nature, vol. 403, no. 6768, pp. 401–404, Jan. 2000.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

J. Calloway, Work Like You’re Showing Off! Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

An edited book

[1]

C. J. Plack, R. R. Fay, A. J. Oxenham, and A. N. Popper, Eds., Pitch: Neural Coding and Perception, vol. 24. in Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol. 24. New York, NY: Springer, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

E. Castegren, J. Östlund, and T. Wrigstad, “Refined Ownership:,” in Formal Methods for Multicore Programming: 15th International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication, and Software Systems, SFM 2015, Bertinoro, Italy, June 15-19, 2015, Advanced Lectures, M. Bernardo and E. B. Johnsen, Eds., in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. , Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 179–210.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.

Blog post

[1]

K. Evans, “Survey Finds Americans Are Confused About Climate Change But Support Climate Policy,” IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Aviation Security: Management Challenges Remain for the Transportation Security Administration’s Secure Flight Program,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, GAO-06-864T, Jun. 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

S. Yuan, “Aberrations of anamorphic optical systems,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

L. Greenhouse, “Justices Refuse to Hear Case Of Condemned Virginia Man,” New York Times, p. A25, Oct. 04, 2005.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
ISSN (print)	1939-1382
Scope	Computer Science Applications General Engineering Education