How to format your references using the IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

X. Pi-Sunyer, “A clinical view of the obesity problem,” Science, vol. 299, no. 5608, pp. 859–860, Feb. 2003.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

S. Scheuring and J. N. Sturgis, “Chromatic adaptation of photosynthetic membranes,” Science, vol. 309, no. 5733, pp. 484–487, Jul. 2005.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

D. Roche, D. Paillard, and E. Cortijo, “Constraints on the duration and freshwater release of Heinrich event 4 through isotope modelling,” Nature, vol. 432, no. 7015, pp. 379–382, Nov. 2004.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D. Gonzalez, M. Richez, C. Bergonzi, E. Chabriere, and M. Elias, “Crystal structure of the phosphate-binding protein (PBP-1) of an ABC-type phosphate transporter from Clostridium perfringens,” Sci. Rep., vol. 4, p. 6636, Oct. 2014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

J. Zinkin, Rebuilding Trust in Banks. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013.

An edited book

[1]

P. A. Broderick, D. N. Rahni, and E. H. Kolodny, Eds., Bioimaging in Neurodegeneration. in Contemporary Neuroscience. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

A. C. Kasper, N. C. de F. Juchneski, and H. M. Veit, “Mechanical Processing,” in Electronic Waste: Recycling Techniques, H. M. Veit and A. Moura Bernardes, Eds., in Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. , Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 19–38.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.

Blog post

[1]

J. Davis, “86% Of New Power Added To Europe’s Grid Came From Renewables In 2016,” IFLScience. Accessed: Oct. 30, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/86-of-new-power-added-to-europes-grid-came-from-renewables-in-2016/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “Weather Forecasting: Radars Far Superior to Predecessors, but Location and Availability Questions Remain,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, T-AIMD-96-2, Oct. 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

C. M. Quackenbush, “The Imaginal Stone: Stories of self and world,” Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J. C. McKINLEY Jr. and A. Southall, “Queens Woman Charged in Death Related to Botched Silicone Injections,” New York Times, p. A20, Sep. 29, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
ISSN (print)	1939-1382
Scope	Computer Science Applications General Engineering Education